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The main biological function of nicotinic niacin is to play a role in the NAD+/NADP+ coenzyme system. More than 40 biological reactions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, ATP synthesis, and enzyme regulation in animals require the delivery of hydrogen through the coenzyme system involved in nicotinic acid.
1. Effect on milk production
Systematic studies conducted abroad before the 1990s proved that the addition of niacin had significant effects on milk production and milk composition (see Table 1). The recommended level of niacin is 6 g/d per head for the first 2 weeks before calving, and feed intake is continuously peaked (80-120 days postpartum). European researchers found that adding 3g is effective, but the recommended amount in production is 10-12g/d. U.S. trial results indicate that the input-output ratio of niacin is 1:6 for the purpose of increasing milk production. (The input of 6g of niacin per day is $0.06 per cow, and the increase of milk production is $0.39. ).
2. Conditions for the proper addition of nicotinic acid in production 1 The following nicotinic cows are often economically effective when adding nicotinic acid: Cows with a milk yield above 8,000 kg have a negative energy balance, are susceptible to ketosis, and are overweight during the dry period. And cows with low dry matter intake in early lactation. For these dairy cows with negative energy balance, the use of niacin can improve lipid metabolism and produce positive results.
2 The addition of niacin to overweight dry cows is effective for dry cows with a body condition score of 3, 4 or 5, but not for lean cows. Since it is unrealistic to feed the cows close to the dry period under the conditions of production under the production conditions, it is necessary to feed the whole group as long as the number of cattle suitable for the use of niacin reaches a certain proportion in the herd.
3 In order to ensure a higher niacin concentration and minimal fatty liver formation in cow plasma during calving, adding niacin should begin 1-2 weeks before calving and continue until 10-12 weeks postpartum. Niacin concentrations in blood and milk indicate that cows responded significantly to the addition of nicotinic acid during postpartum 2-6 weeks. Niacin is preferably added in an amount of 6-8 g per day. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide have the same biological potency as niacin sources for cows.
Choline choline is usually classified as a B vitamin, but its role is by no means limited to traditional vitamins. The role of choline in dairy cow nutrition includes minimizing the incidence of fatty liver, improving nerve conduction, and acting as a donor for methyl.
Due to ruminal degradation, 85-95% of the added choline in the feed did not play its due role. According to reports, after cholinergic injection of cows from the rumen, daily milk production increased by lkg, milk fat percentage increased by 0.17%, and corrected milk production increased by 1.5kg.
The mechanism by which choline is effective in dairy cows is that when free fatty acids are mobilized from adipose tissue to form lipoproteins in the early stages of lactation, choline plays a role in the transfer of glycerol from the liver because this process requires choline-containing phospholipids. participate. The addition of choline also has the effect of saving methionine, and lOg of choline can provide the methyl equivalent of 44g of methionine.
Using a low methionine diet can be corrected by adding 30 g of rumen-protected choline. The problem of protection of choline through the rumen is much more difficult than that of amino acids because choline is very hygroscopic.
Cows to learn to add vitamins
Vitamins are divided into two major categories: fat-soluble (vitamin A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B vitamins and VC). Vitamins are necessary for dairy cows to ensure normal production performance and health. Vitamins A, D, and E are vitamins that must be added to the feed of cows. Many studies have concluded that feeding cows with high levels of VE (1000 IU/d) during dry milk helps to reduce the number of somatic cells in the milk after cow calving and the incidence of mastitis, and to increase the VE in colostrum. The content. The amount of VK and B vitamins synthesized in the natural feed of cows and ruminal microorganisms can generally meet the needs of milk production. However, in high-yielding dairy cows, the synthetic amounts of niacin, choline and thiamine may not be sufficient and they need to be supplemented.
Aging causes the skin tissue to be thin because the collagen and elastin fibre`s break down, which results in sagging skin, deep creases, folds and wrinkles. PDO Thread reverses the effects of aging.
Threads are implanted into the sub-dermal skin and stimulate the production of collagen and the skin becomes firmer, elastic and moisturised. The thread dissolves itself in couple of months but the effect last for 12-18 months.
The thread can be applied to anywhere on the body, such as a flabby face, cheeks, eyebrows, to prevent eye bags, sagging neck skin, fine lines around Cheeks, angle around the mouth, laugh lines, forearm and abdomen, smokers lines and lifting of breast.