Kidney beans, also known as beans and beans, are native to Southeast Asia and have been cultivated since ancient times, especially in the south. Nen can be fried, cold, soaked or pickled and dried. Seeds can be used as substitutes for grain and fillings. It is rich in nutrients, tastes delicious, and has a long supply period. It is one of the main vegetables for the off-season from August to September. For a long time, due to deterioration of the variety, the disease is serious, resulting in a decline in yield and quality. It is considered to be a low-yield crop, and even individual areas cannot grow. In recent years, a large number of scientific and technical personnel and vegetable farmers have purified and rejuvenated the original farm varieties and selected a number of new varieties, which have played a positive role in promoting cowpea production, such as the Hongzuiyan in Chengdu, Sichuan, the Luoqia in Shaanxi, and South China. Yinyan of the Agricultural College, especially since 1980, Cai Junde and others from the Institute of Horticulture at the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences have bred a new breed of “Jizhi 28-2â€. It has the characteristics of early maturity, high yield, good quality, high resistance to aphids, mosaic virus disease, wide adaptability, etc., and proposes matching cultivation techniques according to the characteristics of varieties. It has been promoted by 26 provinces and cities across the country, with an average yield of 1969.5 kilograms, and an increase of 33.6 percent. %, significant economic and social benefits, only in three or four years that formed a nationwide renewal of varieties, replacing the original fine variety Hongzui Yan, becoming the main cultivar, in 1987 won the second prize for national invention, so that China's cowpea cultivation Entered a new stage. First, biological characteristics 1. Morphological characteristics Cowpea is an annual bean plant. Stems have three kinds of dwarf, semi-traffic and creeping. In the south, cultivation is dominated by vines, followed by dwarfism. The leaves are three compound leaves. The stalks are 20-25 cm long. They have 2-4 pairs of flowers, lavender or yellow. Usually only two knots. The pods are slender, and they vary from species to species. 30-70 cm, dark green, light green, red purple or red spots. Each loquat contains 16-22 seeds, kidney shape, red, black, reddish brown, red and white and black and white color seeds, etc., developed roots, pink root nodules. 2. Growth habits Kidney beans require high temperature, strong heat resistance, suitable temperature for growth is 20-25°C, normal temperature at 35°C or higher in summer can still cause scabs, and do not fall, but do not tolerate frost, and stay below 10°C for a long time At low temperatures, growth is inhibited. Kidney beans belong to short-day crops, but long kidney beans, which are grown as vegetables, are mostly light-sensitive, and their requirements for sunshine are not strict. For example, red-billed beak and lynx 28-2 can be cultivated in the spring, summer, and autumn in the south. Kidney beans have a wide adaptability to the soil. As long as they are well drained, the loose soil masses can be planted and the pods are soft and tender. Second, the classification of varieties Kidney beans are divided into three types according to the length of their pods, namely long cowpea, common cowpea, and rice bean; they are divided into two categories: eater (soft cricket) and soybean pod (hard cricket); they are divided into long cowpea and dwarf as vegetable cultivation. cowpea. 1. Long stem bean vines grow vigorously, as long as 3-5 meters or more. The length of the bean pods is 30-90 cm or more, and there are few fibers on the wall, and the seed parts are more swelled and softer. It is specially used for vegetable cultivation and is suitable for cooking or processing. There are many excellent varieties. For example, early-maturing varieties include Hongzuiyan, Zhiyu28-2, Sichuan Five-leaf, Chongqing Erba, Guangzhou Ironline Qing, Seven Longan Leaves, Guizhou Blue Ridge, Medium-maturing Sichuan White Fat Beans, and Wuhan White Bass Guangzhou, Dayeqing; late-maturing species include Sichuan Bailuo, Guangzhou Jinshandou, Zhejiang 512, Guizhou Fatzi, Jiangxi, and Guangzhou in August. (l) The red-billed beaked ancestry is dominated by the main vine pods. The first flowers are born in section 4-5. The pods are more plentiful, the tender greens are white-green, the ends are purplish red, the pupa are about 55 cm long, and the quality is medium. The seed is black and it produces about 1,250 kg per mu. (2) Zhizhuang 28-2 was bred by the Horticultural Institute of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The main vine was covered with pods. The first inflorescence was born in Section 4-5. In the seventh quarter, there was an inflorescence. Tender green light green, with more pods, early maturing and high yield, good quality, pod length 65-75 cm, heat resistance, wide adaptability, strong resistance to aphids, mosaic virus, red purple seeds, spring, summer, autumn Can be cultivated, per mu production 1750-2000 kg. At present, it has become one of the major varieties in the country. (3) The wire is vinelike, branching 2-3, the main vine starting from the 5-6th section flowers, tender green dark blue, 45-50 cm long, red end, red seed, strong cold resistance, Good quality. (4) In August, for example, the late soybean meal in Jiangxi Sancun was dense and strong, and the vines began to grow inflorescences, with 2-3 pairs per axis, 2-4 pods, deep purple, 20-30 cm long, heat-resistant, sowing in early June, harvested from August to September, good quality. (5) White fat cowpea spread, the first inflorescence was born in the 8-11 section, after every 2-3 sections of the students born an inflorescence, pods white and thick, about 36 cm long, 1.1 cm in diameter, 1.2 cm thick The seeds are dark brown and medium-maturing, with thick and tender meat, sweet taste, good quality, and high yield. (6) The red snapper is fragile and has weak branching. The first inflorescence is inserted in section 4-5. The length of the tapir is 45-66 cm. The seeds are 16-22 seeds per bowl. The seeds are red and ripen later. It is drought-tolerant, sturdy, fleshy, crisp, not easy to age, and of good quality. About 1,250 kg per mu. 2, dwarf plant height 40-50 cm, 30-50 cm long pod, fresh and tender, mature hard, flat round. Seed site swelling is not obvious, fresh wolfberry cooking or seed grain replacement. Such as Nanchang Yangzizhou sunspots and red son, Shanghai, Nanjing Panxiang, Xiamen dwarf beans, Wuhan May fresh, Anhui moon and so on. (l) Pan-citronella plants dwarf, branching more, pod length 20-26 cm, light green with purple, curly as a coil-like, sowing in late June, from mid-September to mid-October, harvesting, good quality ,Low Yield. (2) In May, the fresh plant height is 50-68 cm. The first inflorescence is born in the third quarter. Its length is 20-25 cm. It is greenish-white. The pod contains more than 12 seeds per pod, and the seed coat is reddish. Precocious, suitable to do bubble stains, from late March to July can be planted in succession, from May to October listing. Third, soil cultivation The main root depth of Kidney Bean is 60-80 cm, and the fibrous root is 14-20 cm. It has strong fertility and drought resistance. However, the growth of Rhizobium is not as good as that of other legumes. Therefore, when cultivating Long Bean, it is necessary to plow more basal fertilizer. When applied to mixed soil fertilizer 2500-4000 kg, 15-20 kg of superphosphate, 100-150 kg of plant ash as base fertilizer. Fourth, sowing nursery 1. Select good varieties of cowpeas that are thermophilic and heat-resistant, and have a long growing season. From early spring frosts after frost breaks in the late spring, select the appropriate varieties for the spring, summer and autumn seasons in order to extend the supply period. Premature spring cultivation requires selection of species with less stringent sunshine requirements, such as May Fresh, Hongzuiyan and Zhizhuang 28-2, etc. Spring, summer and autumn can be cultivated; and August, Panxiang, and Jiangsu Maoyuan. Red and Zhejiang 512 and other varieties have strict requirements for sunshine. They can only be cultivated in the autumn, and flowering and scabbing under short-day conditions. The spring and summer cultivation period is prolonged, stems and leaves are prosperous, and the pod stage is postponed. The yield is not high. 2, timely sowing, nurturing seedlings cowpea thermophilic afraid of frost, requires the late spring frost break after the open cultivation, the average spring temperature requirements of the average temperature stable at 15-18 °C above, and the autumn sowing the latest time to the peak temperature is at the average temperature Above 25°C to avoid poor growth in the early stage, and the late pods were frozen and the yield decreased. The live broadcast or seedling transplanting period in the Yangtze River Valley is from late April to mid-July, and from late June to early November; the winter temperatures in South China are relatively high, and they can be sown from early March to early September, from May to December. Batch harvested and listed. When sown in the open season, in the early spring, if the temperature is below 10°C for a long time and the rain is cloudy, the seeds germinate slowly, and the seedlings are easily sprouted, the seedlings grow slowly, the roots absorb and are restrained, and the yellow leaves rust spots often appear on the leaves. When the temperature rises, the seedlings can resume growth but the yield is greatly affected. Therefore, early-maturing growers need to use transplanting seedlings. The Yangtze River valley uses cold beds to raise seedlings in the middle and late March, and is planted in mid-to-late April, combined with mulching. The South China region can use simple plastic film sheds and sow in late February to maintain the intra-membrane temperature 18-22°C after emergence. When planting a leaf, it is planted in Daejeon (10-15 days for seedling stage). It can be used in the morning market to increase production, solve the early spring off-season, and increase flower color varieties. V. Cultivation techniques 1. Proper planting and dense planting is one of the keys to increase yield. Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences horticulture so precocious varieties of glutinous rice cultivar 28-2, using glutinous rice (Liangou) 1.3-1.4 meters, planting two rows, hole spacing 20-23 cm, spring planting The three caves maintain 1,300-15,000 plants per acre, and the average yield per mu is 2,500 kg. The degree of planting depends on the cultivation season, species, and cultivation methods. For example, in summer and autumn, the temperature is high, the sunshine is sufficient, the rainfall is small, the plants grow fast, and the growth period is short. The number of holes per acre or the number of plants per hole can be increased accordingly. If mulching is used, the fertilizer and water conditions are good, the plants grow vigorously, leaving 2 plants per hole. . Late maturing varieties such as Rosaia, Ukrainian Oak, and August vines have many vine leaves and strong branching. They should not be planted too densely. They should be increased by 30 to 33 cm in diameter, 2 in each hole, and 7000 to 8000 in seedlings. 2. Stretching the common cowpea plants up to 2.5-3.2 meters or more. After the seedling period is over, the vines should be drawn in a timely manner so that the stem vines are evenly distributed on the shelves. The scaffolding forms include: (1) Clustering: Each pod has four pods adjacent to each other. The top of each truss is tied into a frame. (2) Herringbone; The top of the symmetric two-hole bracket is tied into a herringbone-shaped frame, and a horizontal bamboo pole is connected to each frame. This type of scaffolding is simple, with good ventilation and light transmission, and it is widely used in Hangzhou and other places. (3) Vertical: Each hole is inserted with a small bamboo pole and stands upright. Each row is lined up with a row of horizontal bamboo poles, which has good ventilation and light transmission. (4) Inverted zigzi type: This type is based on the zijiazuo, and the intersection of herringbone is reduced from 1.3 meters from the ground to 82 centimeters, so that 2/3 of the pole is above the intersection. The formation of inverted glyphs, this form is not only uniform distribution of leaves, plant parts 70% above the gills outside the trachea above the trough, good ventilation and light, high yield. Sixth, fertilizer and water management Cowpeas avoid continuous cropping, on the basis of applying basal fertilizer, the seedling stage needs less fertilizer, and it is necessary to control the fertilizer and water, paying particular attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer so as to prevent the stems and leaves from being long, the branches increased, the flowering and scab nodes are increased, and the number of inflorescences is reduced. The formation of the middle and lower parts of the vine is not given. During the flowering stage, the flowering stage requires more fertilizer and water, and it is necessary to re-apply the glutinous fertilizer to promote the growth of flowering and scab, prevent premature aging, and increase the yield. Taking spring cowpea as an example: Qimiao and man-made cultivars will apply 10-20% of manure water once or twice. When the plants enter the initial flowering stage, vegetative growth and reproductive growth will go hand in hand, and the number of results will increase. 1500-2000 kilograms, to promote flowering and scarring; during harvesting, fertilization is applied once every 4-5 days for a total of 3-4 times. Kidney beans are drought-tolerant, southern springs have more rainfall, and generally do not need watering. In summer and autumn, high-temperature and drought conditions should be combined with fertilization and irrigation to reduce flowering and falling, and prevent the premature growth of vine leaf growth, so as to extend the results and increase yield. VII. Pest Control Aphids are mainly harmful in the seedling stage, and can spread cowpea mosaic virus disease, spraying with 40% dimethoate every 7-10 days. Soybean sprouts generally occur in July-August (Summer-autumn beans) in large quantities and harm the soybean meal. During the flowering period, 800 times of dichlorvos is sprayed once every 6-10 days. In the summer and autumn in the south, the rain often causes damage to cowpea. In the initial stage, 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution or 50% thiophanate 1000 times solution can be sprayed 2-3 times to prevent and control, while 70% thiophanate-methyl WP can be used as the bean rust 70% or 65% ce Zinc 500 times. Spray once every 7-10 days for 2-3 times. 8. Harvesting and Seeding After sowing of long cowpea, about 60 days (spring sowing) or 40 days (summer sowing) began to harvest the tender pods, and about 7-12 days after flowering, the pods are fully grown, the tissue is tender and the seeds should be harvested immediately after they are revealed. Close, quality tender. High Yield. The kidney bean has more than two pairs of flower buds per inflorescence, usually only a couple of pods. If there is sufficient fertilizer and water, harvesting in time and not damaging other buds in the inflorescence will cause some inflorescences to bloom and scab, which can increase the rate of scarring, increase yield, and pick up once every 4-5 days in the early stage of picking. It is harvested once every 1-2 days and the harvest period is about 30-40 days. The dwarf species produces 600-800 kilograms per mu, and the vegetative species ranges from 1250-1500 kilograms. Kidney bean seedlings can be divided into summer sowing and autumn sowing, leaving the plant to select plants with the characteristics of this variety, no disease, low scab nodes, and more concentrated seedlings. The size of seedlings is the same and the grains are arranged neatly. In order to retain the middle and lower pods as seeds, remove the upper pods in time to make the grains full. When the seedlings are fully fluffy and the epidermis is chlorosis, they can be harvested, hung in the interior after being dried, threshed, sun dried, packed seeds into the tank by heat, sealed in storage, or dripped in the tank with a few drops of dichlorvos and placed several grains. Shanna pill sealed storage to prevent the damage of soybean meal. Such as a small amount of seeds, can also be hung in a ventilated, dry place, do not need to threshing, to threshing can be removed before the seedlings in the following year, the seed viability is generally 1-2 years. 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