Morphological Characteristics: Crocus sativus is a perennial herb known for its distinctive and delicate appearance. The plant grows from a bulb that is typically spherical in shape, ranging in size from 0.5 to 10 cm in diameter. This bulb is covered with brown, membranous scales that protect it during dormancy. From the bulb, 2 to 14 shoots emerge, each bearing 2 to 13 linear leaves. These leaves are narrow, measuring 15 to 35 cm in length and 2 to 4 mm in width, with slightly curled edges and fine hairs along the margins.
The plant produces a single flower at the top of each stalk. The flowers consist of six tepals (petal-like structures) that are obovoid in shape and have a beautiful lavender color. The tube of the flower is relatively short, and the stamens—three in total—are positioned inside. The anthers at the base of the stamens have a characteristic arrow-shaped structure. The ovary is inferior, meaning it is located below the other floral parts, and is divided into three chambers. The styles are slender and yellow, while the stigma is divided into three parts, each shaped like a funnel and extending outward from the flower tube. The stigma is dark red and droops slightly, giving the flower a unique and striking appearance.
After flowering, which usually occurs between October and November, the plant develops an oblong capsule as its fruit. This capsule has three rounded ridges and contains numerous small, round seeds. Crocus sativus is not only botanically interesting but also highly valued for its use in culinary and medicinal applications. Its vivid red stigmas are the source of the expensive spice known as saffron, prized for its flavor, color, and aroma.
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Alias: Saffron, saffron
Scientific name: Crocus sativus
Family: Iridaceae (Iris family)
Thickener is widely used in food, cosmetics, detergent, latex, printing and dyeing, medicine, rubber, coatings, etc.