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Goosegrass
The scientific name of this plant is *Eleusine indica* (L.) Gaerth. Commonly known as valerian or gourd grass, it is an annual grass that is widely distributed across the country. This species is considered a significant weed in agricultural systems, particularly affecting crops such as cotton, legumes, potatoes, and vegetables, as well as orchards.
**Morphological Characteristics:**
The plant has slender, erect or prostrate stems, with heights ranging from 15 to 90 cm. The leaf blades are narrow, while the leaf sheaths are flat and hairy, with a short ligule at the base. The inflorescence consists of 2 to 7 spikes arranged like fingers at the top of the stem. Each spike is slightly wider, with spikelets densely packed on either side of the rachis. Each spikelet contains 3 to 6 florets. The glumes are awnless, with the first glume shorter than the second. The first lemma features three distinct veins, a prominent ridge, a rough texture, and small cilia along its edges. The caryopsis (seed) is ovate, typically brown to black in color, and exhibits clear wavy wrinkles. The plant reproduces primarily through seeds.
**Ecological Characteristics:**
In Shanghai, *E. indica* emerges in mid to late April, reaching peak density in mid to early May, and becomes less common from June to August. Some seeds can complete two life cycles within a single growing season. Mature seeds remain dormant in the soil for over three months during the fall. Germination occurs most effectively in the top 0–1 cm of soil, and seeds buried deeper than 3 cm generally do not germinate. Light is essential for germination, which takes place optimally between 20–40°C. However, germination rates are low under constant temperature conditions and when light is absent.