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Male silkworm rearing technology
Special support for male silkworms represents a significant innovation in traditional sericulture. Compared to female silkworms, male silkworms offer several advantages, including better nutrition, fresher mulberry leaves, and the potential to reduce rearing costs by approximately 10%. Moreover, male silkworms produce higher silk yields—about 20% more than females. Their silk is finer with less variation, making it ideal for high-quality raw silk that meets the standards of premium silk products.
A New Male Silkworm Hybrid: Xia Huaping 8
(I) Characteristics
This new male silkworm variety was developed by the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences during the Spring and Autumn Period. It exhibits strong resistance, good temperament, and uniform development across all stages. The small silkworms require higher temperature and humidity conditions, allowing them to be raised at elevated temperatures. The adult silkworms have a large body size and consume less mulberry. After about 24 days, they become full and spin oval-shaped, large, and even cocoons with a white color. They also have a high rate of cocoon shell and thread extraction.
(II) Breeding Techniques
Ants should be introduced earlier than usual, and daytime sleep can be more easily controlled. During the early stages, it’s important to spread the silkworms evenly and prevent overfeeding. Large silkworms need sufficient mulberry intake, and fresh, properly sized leaves are essential. During the small silkworm stage, maintain a slightly higher temperature, while ensuring proper ventilation during the large silkworm phase. Keep the larval temperature between 25–25.5°C and ensure adequate ventilation during pupation.
Second, Rearing Male Silkworms
(a) Temperature Requirements
Male silkworms thrive in higher temperatures. From a physiological standpoint, maintaining an optimal temperature ensures uniform development within the population. Raising the hybrid male silkworms slightly above normal temperatures allows for controlled daily sleeping patterns. For example, ants can be raised at 29.5°C for 24 hours, followed by 29°C for one year to regulate sleep cycles. If the temperature is too low, the silkworms may enter sleep prematurely, leading to uneven development and multiple generations, which increases processing complexity, workload, and losses. The second instar requires 28–28.5°C, the third instar 25.5–26°C, and during sleep, the temperature should be reduced by 1–2°C. However, temperatures above 29.5°C should be avoided, as they can negatively affect growth when combined with young, tender leaves.
(b) Humidity Management
Male silkworms are resistant to high humidity. Maintaining the right moisture level helps keep the mulberry leaves fresh, promoting good feeding and healthy development. The dry and wet bulb difference should be around 0.5°C for 1–2-year-old silkworms and 3°C for 2-year-olds. In pit rooms or beds, if standard humidity isn't achieved, anti-dry paper or nylon films can be used. During feeding intervals, place anti-dry paper or nylon film over the silkworms. Sprinkle espresso and lime after each feeding. When disinfecting, apply disease-prevention No. 1 after removing sand but before feeding. This method is effective but should not be used with lime.
(c) Leaf Quality
Leaf quality significantly affects silkworm development and vitality. Select mature, suitable leaves based on leaf position, color, stipule appearance, skin discoloration, and the size of the largest leaves. Ants should be fed the second leaf of the day, which is yellow-green and slightly wrinkled. On the second day (first instar), use the third to fourth leaves, which are green with a yellow tint and flat, with brown stipules at the tip. Moisture content should be around 78%. For the second instar, use the fourth leaf, which is mature and has brown stipules and yellow spots, with about 76% moisture. Third instar uses the fifth leaf, and in areas with high fluorine content, three-leaf varieties are preferred. Young, tender leaves are best for the first instar, while mature leaves are suitable for the second. Avoid overly soft leaves to prevent weak silkworms with poor disease resistance and the risk of producing three-sleep silkworms. During each instar, two feedings should be balanced—early and late—to ensure proper development.
(d) Sleep Treatment
The principle for managing sleep is "eat before sleeping, sleep well, and feed timely." Before sleep, ensure the silkworms are fully fed and the sleep net is placed promptly. Once they fall asleep, they stop eating, relying on stored nutrients. Therefore, it's crucial to feed them adequately before sleep. After placing the sleep net, give a short interval of mulberry to avoid hunger. Follow the reference table for foraging times, as management practices and leaf quality vary among households. Generally, younger silkworms (1–2 instars) require shorter feeding periods. If sleep is delayed, check and adjust accordingly. Thin silkworms may not need to be removed, while weak ones should be discarded. Avoid disturbing the silkworms during sleep, as this can damage their skin. Maintain a lower temperature and humidity during sleep, and protect against vibrations and strong winds.
(e) Timely Feeding
Feeding should be done at the right time. Feeding too early may damage the mulberry leaves, while feeding too late can cause hunger. When the silkworms’ heads appear pale brown and show feeding behavior, it's the right time to feed.