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Precocious cultivation technology of spring potato nylon covering
After the spring potato is covered with nylon, early-maturing cultivation techniques can help bring the crop to market 10-20 days earlier compared to traditional open-field methods. These early spring techniques mainly involve three approaches: mulching with plastic film, using a small arch shed with double-layer coverage, and applying thick film over a small arch shed combined with plastic mulching. Here are the key technical points:
First, choose high-quality varieties. Regardless of the covering method used, it's essential to use specific varieties such as "Dongnong 303," "Kexin No. 4," or "Zhongshu No. 2" that have been transferred from northern regions. Avoid using self-retained or locally adapted varieties that may have deteriorated over time. Each mu should be planted with approximately 150 kilograms of seed potatoes. Large tubers can be cut into pieces, each weighing 20-25 grams with 2-3 buds.
Second, apply base fertilizer. Film-covered cultivation typically requires one-time fertilization, as it's difficult to add nutrients after the film is applied. During plowing, 50 kg of sulfur-containing compound fertilizer (15% N-P-K) per mu should be used, avoiding chlorine-based fertilizers like potassium chloride to prevent damage to the quality of the potatoes. After soil preparation, farmyard manures such as pig, sheep, rabbit, chicken, or duck manure (over 30 tons) should be applied in deep holes. First, apply human excrement at the planting points, then layer with livestock manure, and cover with soil to avoid direct contact with the seed potatoes. Any remaining fertilizer can be applied between the rows later, ensuring continuous nutrient supply without additional top-dressing. Planting density should be around 6,000 seedlings per mu.
Third, ensure timely sowing. The sowing date varies depending on the covering method. Plastic film can be sown in late December, thick film under a small arch shed in early January, and mulch film in late January.
Fourth, perform chemical weeding. Before covering the field with film, apply herbicides to prevent weeds. A solution of 50% acetochlor at 75–100 ml per mu can be sprayed evenly, ensuring the soil is moist and flat for better effectiveness.
Fifth, properly cover with nylon. The nylon film must be carefully laid and secured with soil around the edges. It should be sealed before the plants emerge. Once the seedlings appear, the film should be broken, and the holes should be sealed with soil to increase soil temperature. On sunny days with high temperatures, ventilation should be provided to avoid heat damage.
Sixth, apply chemical regulation. During the flowering stage, spray 5 kg of paclobutrazol dissolved in 8 kg of water at a rate of 30 ml per mu to enhance plant resistance, reduce disease occurrence, prevent premature maturity, and boost yield by more than 10–15%.
Seventh, focus on disease and pest control. The main disease during growth is late blight. Infected plants should be removed immediately, followed by spraying with 25% of a suitable fungicide. For pests like the 28-star flea beetle, use 80% dichlorvos diluted 800 times. Aphids can be controlled with 10% imidacloprid sprayed at 2000 times dilution.
By following these techniques, farmers can significantly improve their potato yields and achieve better market timing.