Main Diseases and Control Techniques of Nectarine

**Anthrax (Anthracnose)** 1. **Symptoms**: This disease primarily affects fruits and tree tops, but leaves can also be impacted. The fruit surface develops greenish-brown spots that eventually turn dark brown, shrink, and become sunken. In humid conditions, pinkish specks appear on the lesions, forming a concentric pattern. Infected fruits remain attached to the branches, creating a stagnant appearance. Initially, the fruit shows small spots that gradually expand into reddish-brown circular areas with red dots. The fruit may split along the stem and either fall or stay on the branch. Shoots develop water-soaked, light-brown lesions that later turn brown, oval in shape, with a reddish edge and slight indentation. Pink spots may appear on the surface, and severe infections can lead to branch death. Affected upper leaves often curl around the main vein, forming a tube-like structure. 2. **Prevention and Control**: Regularly clean the orchard by removing diseased fruits, branches, and fallen leaves. Ensure proper drainage to prevent moisture buildup. **Chemical Control**: Before bud break in early spring, spray 5° Baum lime sulfur to eliminate overwintering pathogens. After flowering, apply 500 times dilution of 50% thiophanate-methyl, 25% carbendazim, or 50% mancozeb at intervals of 10 days for 3–4 applications, which provides effective control. --- **Peach Scab** 1. **Symptoms**: Primarily affects fruits, but also damages leaves and shoots. Lesions typically form near the fruit stems. When immature, dark green round spots appear, turning black as the fruit matures. The pathogen only infects the skin, causing necrosis without affecting the pulp, leading to cracking. Severe cases result in "fruitful" fruit. On leaves, symptoms start on the underside with irregular gray-green spots that eventually die and fall off, forming holes and causing significant defoliation. On shoots, lesions are dark green, raised, and oozing, but do not penetrate deeply. 2. **Prevention Methods**: Clear the orchard in autumn, burn diseased leaves to remove overwintering sources. Prune during summer to improve air circulation and sunlight penetration. **Chemical Control**: Before budding, spray 3–5° Baum lime sulfur. After 4–5 weeks post-flowering, apply 500 times zinc sulfate or 600–700 times 70% thiophanate-methyl every 15 days, or 8000 times DuPont Fuxing. Repeat 3–4 times for best results. --- **Peach Bacterial Canker** 1. **Symptoms**: Mainly occurs on the main trunk, large branches, and occasionally smaller branches. Infected areas exude transparent, soft gum that turns dark brown upon exposure to air. This weakens the tree, reduces vigor, and can lead to premature death. 2. **Control Methods**: The disease is often caused by wounds, lateral buds, or lenticels. Preventive measures include improving orchard management, increasing organic fertilizer use, enhancing soil health, and ensuring proper irrigation. Avoid frost and sunburn damage. **Chemical Control**: In winter, spray 5° lime sulfur before sprouting. From April, apply 50% carbendazim at 800–1000 times dilution, spraying four times every two weeks. For infected stems, spray 0.5% lime sulfur three times every two weeks. Minimize leaf and green branch application and use insecticides to control pests that cause wounds. --- **Major Pests** **1. Peach Fruit Borer** 1. **Symptoms**: Larvae feed inside the fruit, reducing yield and quality. A single fruit may contain 1–2 larvae, and up to 8–9 can turn the fruit into a mass of frass. The fruit secretes brown, transparent juice from the entry hole, with feces accumulating around it, resulting in the phrase “ten peaches, nine rotten.” 2. **Prevention and Control**: Remove infested branches and leaves, clear crop residues like corn and sorghum stalks to eliminate overwintering adults. Bag fruits before the first adult emergence in mid-May. **Chemical Control**: During adult emergence, spray 50% parathion at 2000 times, 90% trichlorfon at 1000 times, 80% dichlorvos at 1500 times, or 20% lambda-cyhalothrin at 3000 times. Also, use 2000 times of profenofos. --- **2. Peach Fruitworm** 1. **Symptoms**: After hatching, larvae crawl on the fruit surface before burrowing in from the top or shoulders. Pectin oozes from the entry hole, drying into white wax. Infected fruits become deformed, with rotted flesh and loss of food value. 2. **Control Methods**: Cover the ground under trees with plastic film to prevent adults from emerging. Apply azinphos-methyl or parathion at 200–250 times dilution on the ground twice during May to July. Spray 40% chlorpyrifos at 1000–1500 times or 20% fenitrothion at 3000 times during egg hatching periods. --- **3. Peach Weevil (Peach Tiger)** 1. **Symptoms**: Adults feed on flowers, young fruits, shoots, and leaves, leaving scars filled with sap that causes rot and fruit drop. Larvae bore into fruits, causing them to dry out and rot. 2. **Control Methods**: - **Adult Capture**: Place plastic sheets under trees at night and shake branches early in the morning to collect falling adults. - **Manual Removal**: Pick off infested fruits and destroy them during thinning. - **Chemical Control**: Before adults emerge, spray 75% phoxim emulsion at 1000 times on the ground to kill adults and larvae. During adult stage, spray 90% trichlorfon at 1000 times or 50% phoxim at 1000 times. --- **4. Peach Crown Borer** 1. **Symptoms**: Larvae tunnel into the xylem of the trunk, creating winding galleries. They feed under the bark, gradually moving deeper, creating a network of tunnels. Excrement accumulates around the trunk, weakening the tree and potentially killing it. The trunk exudes gum, leading to branch dieback. 2. **Control Methods**: - **Adult Capture**: Manually collect adults at night when they rest on branches, especially after rain. - **Trunk Painting**: Apply a white coating made of 10 parts quicklime, 0.2 parts salt, and 40 parts water to prevent egg-laying. - **Larval Poisoning**: Insert aluminum phosphide sticks into the tunnels or inject 1 ml of 40% dichlorvos per hole using a syringe. Soak cotton in the solution, insert into the hole, and seal with mud to poison larvae.

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