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Selection of pigs based on breeding environment
Pigs of different breeds and varieties exhibit varying levels of sensitivity to environmental temperature, depending on their production performance. In general, pigs with higher productivity tend to have lower stress resistance and are more sensitive to uncomfortable temperatures. Thin-backed pigs, for example, lose heat more easily, which means they require a warmer environment. The larger the body surface area (such as in longer-bodied pigs), the more heat they lose, making them more vulnerable to cold.
In China, the commonly raised breeds include Dika, Pietrain, PIC, and Sanyuan, while crossbred pigs are mostly ternary hybrids. Local breeds, often referred to as "soil pigs," are also widely raised, especially in small-scale farms. Compared to local breeds, high-performance breeds typically have better growth rates but require more controlled environmental conditions.
Among the high-quality breeds, Pietrain and Landrace are particularly sensitive to temperature changes. Their performance can be significantly affected by even minor fluctuations in ambient temperature. In contrast, PIC pigs have slightly better environmental adaptability, although they demand higher nutritional input. During hot summer months, Pietrain and Landrace sows are especially prone to heat stress, so it's crucial to provide them with optimal living conditions to ensure good reproductive outcomes.
Large-scale pig farms in China mainly use these high-performance breeds. These farms usually invest in climate control systems to maintain ideal temperatures, which helps improve feed efficiency and overall economic returns. On average, feeding costs account for about 70% of total expenses, with a significant portion allocated to maintaining a stable environment.
Ternary crossbred pigs, commonly raised in small and medium-sized farms, have more flexible environmental requirements and are better suited to the typical housing conditions found in Chinese farms. However, due to limited capital and outdated farming practices, many of these farms operate at high stocking densities without proper insulation or cooling measures. As a result, disease outbreaks were more common in such facilities last year. These farms often spend around 80% of their budget on feed, but little is invested in improving the thermal environment of the pig houses. This neglect can lead to poor performance and increased health risks for the pigs, ultimately raising farm vulnerability.
Local pigs, or "soil pigs," are still raised in some rural areas and household farms. They are generally more resilient due to lower stocking densities and natural behavioral adaptations. These pigs can regulate their comfort to some extent, requiring less strict environmental control. However, they have lower feed conversion rates and grow more slowly, leading to lower profitability. As a result, many small-scale farmers are gradually moving away from raising local breeds.
In summary, the choice of pig breed significantly affects both environmental needs and economic outcomes. While high-performance breeds offer better productivity, they come with higher management demands. On the other hand, local breeds may be easier to raise but lack the efficiency needed for modern commercial farming. Understanding these differences is essential for optimizing pig production and ensuring long-term sustainability.