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The mealworm, commonly known as the breadworm, is a small beetle that belongs to the Tenebrionidae family. The adult form measures between 1.4 and 1.9 cm in length and has a dark brown coloration. The mature larvae are larger, reaching 2.9 to 3.3 cm in length and appearing brown in color. Their eggs are white, oval-shaped, and about the size of a sesame seed. Under optimal temperature and humidity conditions, mealworms can complete 2 to 3 generations per year, with overlapping life cycles. They do not hibernate during winter.
Adults begin laying eggs 3 to 5 days after emerging from the pupal stage, and each female can lay between 280 and 370 eggs. Female adults live for 34 to 127 days, while males typically live 39 to 82 days. The larval stage lasts between 76 to 201 days. At temperatures between 26 and 30°C, the pupal stage takes 6 to 8 days to complete.
Mealworm larvae are social and tend to cluster together. They can survive at room temperature (around 13°C) and continue to grow even when temperatures rise above 5°C. However, temperatures above 35°C can cause significant mortality. Both larvae and adults have strong chewing abilities and may cannibalize each other when food is scarce. In some cases, larvae may even bite one another. For this reason, it's important to separate insects, eggs, and adults of the same age into individual containers to prevent aggression.
During their growth, the body surface of the larvae may appear white before they molt. After each molt, the pupa turns yellow-brown and undergoes several molts every 4 to 6 days, with a total of six molts occurring during the larval stage. When the larvae reach a length of 2 to 3 cm by day 50, they are typically sterilized in the feed. During the molting process, the head is inverted in the feed, and the insect moves its head back and forth to remove the old exoskeleton.
At room temperatures of 20°C or higher, the pupae develop into adults within about a week. Newly emerged adults have soft, white wings and are initially fragile. Over the next 1 to 2 days, their wings harden and darken to a deep brown. Mealworms are primarily nocturnal, moving quickly on the ground but rarely flying. About a week after emerging, they begin laying eggs, continuing the cycle.
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