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Duck breeding technology
The quail duck is a unique breed that originated from an intergeneric hybrid, resulting from the crossbreeding of a male duck from the genus *Aquilegia* with a female duck from the river duck genus, including varieties like the cherry valley duck, golden duck, Gaoyou duck, and Beijing duck. This hybrid has evolved into a highly valued meat duck known for its lean meat content, which ranges between 82% to 85%. It is also noted for its resilience to poor feeding conditions, low feed consumption, and strong immunity against diseases, making it one of the finest meat ducks globally. Below are the detailed breeding techniques:
First, raising the young chicks from hatching to 25 days old is crucial for their development.
1. **Selecting Healthy Chicks**: Choose ducklings with light-colored down, soft and elastic bellies, clean vents, strong legs, wide mouths, bright eyes, and lively behavior. Discard any weak or sickly ones, such as those with closed eyes, limping, or blood-stained umbilical areas.
2. **Providing Proper Insulation**: For the first seven days after hatching, maintain a temperature of 27°C to 30°C. Gradually reduce the temperature by 1°C daily until reaching 15°C by day 15, and then allow them to adapt to room temperature. If the temperature is too low, use thick layers of dry straw in the brooding area, place old clothes on top, and ensure good air circulation so the ducklings can huddle together for warmth.
3. **Introducing Food and Water**: Ducklings can start eating within 20 to 24 hours after hatching. First, offer clean water in a shallow dish, ensuring only the edges are exposed so they can learn to drink. After drinking, provide medium-cooked rice that’s not too soft or hard, soaked in water to remove stickiness, mixed with 1.5%-2% white sugar, and spread out in a tray for the ducklings to peck at. On the first day, feed every 1.5 to 2 hours, but only give 80% to 90% of fullness to avoid overeating.
4. **Feeding Schedule and Diet**: From day 4 onward, feed 5-6 times a day. By days 5-15, reduce to 4-5 meals, and by day 15, feed 3-4 times. The initial diet should be soft, cooked rice without sugar, but starting from day 4, introduce compound feed. A reference formula includes: corn (4.5%), broken rice (10%), wheat (5%), fried soybeans (17%), rapeseed cake (7%), cocoon meal (7%), shell powder (2.7%), bone meal (1%), and salt (0.3%). Green feed should also be introduced—about 20% of the diet during days 4-10, increasing to 30-40% after day 10.
5. **Water Exposure**: Begin introducing ducklings to water between 2 to 5 days after hatching. Start with short sessions of 5 to 7 minutes, gradually increasing the time and depth. By day 7, allow 2-3 sessions per day, each lasting 10-20 minutes. At 15 days, increase the water depth to 15-25 cm.
Second, the period from day 26 to 55 is considered the growing phase for broiler ducks.
1. **House Rearing**: Provide a well-ventilated space near a pond or in a courtyard. Use bamboo cages with 5 square meters per 20-30 ducks. Feed four times daily with a balanced compound feed (corn 62%, wheat bran 15%, fried peas, fish meal 7%, rapeseed cake 7%, bone meal 2.8%, salt 0.2%). Supplement with green feed in a 1:1.5 ratio. Regular bathing in ponds or rivers helps improve health and growth.
2. **Grazing System**: Allow ducks to graze in rice fields, ponds, or streams, especially in the afternoon. Provide supplemental feed twice or thrice daily using the same formula as for young chicks.
Third, the final fattening stage begins at 55 days. This phase focuses on building fat for tender and flavorful meat.
Use high-energy, low-protein compound feed with a formula like: corn (35%), flour (30%), rice bran (25%), sorghum (6.5%), shell powder (2%), bone meal (1%), and salt (0.5%). Mix the feed into a dry paste and roll it into small bars (3.3 cm diameter, 5 cm long). Feed three times daily, adjusting the quantity based on the days: 3–4 bars on days 1–3, 4–6 on days 4–8, and 6–8 on days 8 onwards. Ensure they have access to water after each feeding to aid digestion. Keep the housing dark to encourage rest and reduce activity. The fattening period usually lasts 15 days. When the duck weighs over 3 kg and shows visible subcutaneous fat with transparent wing feathers, it is ready for market.