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Flies' ecological habits are closely tied to their life cycle, which is a classic example of complete metamorphosis. This process includes four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage has unique physical and behavioral characteristics. Here's a detailed breakdown:
1. **Eggs** – Flies lay small, milky-white, oval or banana-shaped eggs, typically around 1 mm in length. The eggshell features two pods with a thin membrane between them, through which the larvae emerge. The development time of the eggs varies significantly depending on temperature and humidity. At 22°C, it takes about 20 hours; at 25°C, 16–18 hours; at 28°C, 14 hours; and only 8–10 hours at 35°C. However, below 13°C, the eggs do not develop, and they fail to hatch if the temperature drops below 8°C or exceeds 42°C. Humidity also plays a key role—hatching rates are highest at 75–80% relative humidity, while lower than 65% or higher than 85% significantly reduces hatching success.
2. **Larvae (Maggots)** – Fly larvae, commonly known as maggots, go through three instars. The first instar is 1–3 mm long with only rear valves. After molting, the second instar grows to 3–5 mm, developing an anterior valve and two cracks on the posterior end. The third instar reaches 5–13 mm, with three cracks on the rear. Maggots are highly active, preferring dark environments and avoiding light. They feed on decaying organic matter such as manure, garbage, and rotting food. Their growth directly influences the size and reproductive capacity of adult flies. Key factors affecting larval development include temperature, humidity, food availability, and ventilation. Optimal temperatures range from 34–40°C, reducing development time to 3–3.5 days. Lower temperatures extend this period, while high humidity (65–70%) is ideal for healthy growth.
3. **Pupae** – After the third instar, larvae stop feeding and burrow into the substrate to form a pupal case. The pupa is barrel-shaped, with a color change from dark to chestnut brown. Inside the pupal shell, the transformation to adult occurs. When ready, the adult fly emerges by pushing its head out and crawling to the surface. The pupal stage is sensitive to temperature and humidity, with optimal conditions being 16–35°C and 45–55% moisture. Extreme temperatures can cause death or developmental delays.
4. **Adult Flies** – Newly emerged adults need time to harden their bodies and wings before they can fly. They are omnivorous, feeding on nectar, plant sap, animal waste, and fermenting substances. Female flies require protein-rich diets to produce eggs. Lifespan varies, with females living up to 60 days under favorable conditions. Flies are highly active during the day, showing strong phototaxis, and become inactive at night. Temperature greatly affects their activity levels—flights begin at 10–15°C, and they become inactive above 40°C. Some species survive winter in a dormant state, while others remain active in warmer environments.
5. **Reproduction and Mating** – Mating typically occurs early in the morning, with males reaching sexual maturity within 18–24 hours and females after 30 hours. A single mating session can last up to an hour, and females can store sperm for weeks, allowing multiple batches of eggs without repeated mating. Female flies lay eggs in moist, nutrient-rich substrates like feces, compost, or rotting material. A single female can lay hundreds of eggs across several batches, leading to rapid population growth.
6. **Natural Enemies** – Despite their high reproduction rate, many fly populations are controlled by natural predators, parasites, and microorganisms. Predators include frogs, spiders, and birds, while parasitic wasps lay eggs inside fly larvae. Microbial infections, such as those caused by *Bacillus cereus* or fungi, also play a role in regulating fly numbers.
In terms of production, raising flies involves selecting a suitable site, preparing fermented manure, introducing or domesticating flies, and maintaining a continuous breeding cycle. Proper management of temperature, humidity, and nutrition ensures efficient maggot growth and high yields.
By understanding these ecological habits, fly farmers can optimize breeding conditions, improve productivity, and manage populations effectively.