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Pig prices are low and pollution is serious: how do pig farmers respond?
**Pig Prices Are Low and Pollution Is Serious: How Do Pig Farmers Respond?**
**Zhang Baoquan**
**Beijing Huaxia Kangyuan Technology Co., Ltd.**
**1. Current Pig Prices and Market Trends**
Since March, the price of pork has been on a downward trend. For instance, the price of leg meat has dropped from 22-24 yuan/kg before the Spring Festival to 14-16 yuan/kg now. The prices of pork and pork ribs have also seen a significant decline. According to market surveys, the overall price of meat has fallen by about 20%. In addition to pork, other pig products have also experienced continuous price drops. Data from the Ministry of Agriculture shows that in March, the national average live pig price was 11.63 yuan/kg, a decrease of 8.4% compared to the previous month. Prices of live pigs in all provinces have generally declined, with Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Hubei, and Chongqing seeing drops of more than 10%. Since the peak of post-Spring Festival consumption, live pig prices have fallen for two consecutive months, with a cumulative drop of 13.3%.
At the same time, the average price of piglets in March was 19.75 yuan/kg, down 1.8% from the previous month, ending a two-month upward trend. Currently, piglet prices have fallen in 70% of the country’s provinces. In Beijing, Anhui, and Qinghai, the average price has dropped by over 10%, while in Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, and Henan, it has fallen by more than 5%.
Compared to the same period in 2008, current prices for live pigs, pork, and piglets have decreased by 30.9%, 24.8%, and 44.1%, respectively. “It's better to eat meat than to eat!†Though this is just a humorous remark, it reflects the current situation where pork prices are falling while vegetable prices remain high.
Currently, the ratio of pig prices to grain prices is roughly 6.5:1. Industry experts predict that pig prices have not yet reached their lowest point. It is expected that the lowest purchase price of live pigs in August may fall below 4 yuan/kg, which could lead to losses for farmers. Combined with the recent drop in corn and feed prices, the market outlook appears bleak. This has significantly reduced the enthusiasm of pig farmers, and the number of pigs being raised has drastically declined. For example, in Yicheng, Hubei, three households that previously raised 1,000 pigs annually now have zero pigs. Medium-sized farms that once raised 350 pigs per year now raise fewer than 60% of that number.
With such low efficiency and even losses in pig farming, how can the industry survive in such a tough market?
**2. Status of Aquaculture Pollution and Major Hazards**
**2.1 Current Situation of Aquaculture Pollution**
As people's living standards improve, their consumption of animal-based foods like meat, eggs, and milk has increased, driving the development of animal husbandry. The scale and density of livestock and poultry farming have risen dramatically, especially in large-scale farms near major cities. Livestock manure often has nowhere to go, leading to long-term accumulation or random discharge, causing bad odors, breeding mosquitoes and flies, and polluting surrounding water sources. This has become a major environmental pollution source. The pollution caused by animal husbandry and aquaculture not only affects the sustainable development of the industry but also impacts people's quality of life and health, making it a growing social issue.
In China, the annual discharge of livestock and poultry excrement is approximately 2.5 billion tons, exceeding the combined total of industrial waste and urban household waste. With the rapid growth of the pig farming industry, large-scale and intensive pig farms have continued to increase, leading to a sharp rise in swine-related pollution.
Surveys show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) pollution loads from livestock manure in the Huangpu River Basin were 68,600 tons, 22,200 tons, 34,100 tons, and 310,000 tons, respectively, accounting for about 36% of the basin's total pollutant load. Similar levels of pollution are observed in other cities. In 1996, the COD in Guangzhou's livestock manure wastewater accounted for 67% of the city's total wastewater COD. In the early 1990s, Beijing's livestock and poultry industry discharged BOD equivalent to twice the total BOD of industrial and domestic sewage. Surveys indicate that livestock and poultry excrement in China has exceeded the land's carrying capacity, reflecting environmental stress and severe pressure.
**2.2 Major Environmental Hazards of Aquaculture**
Livestock and poultry waste is the most numerous and harmful type of livestock waste. It contains a wide variety of pollutants, mainly including feces, decomposed fecal matter, and its own malodorous components.
2.2.1 Livestock waste contains many pathogenic microorganisms and parasite eggs, which can increase the number of pathogens in the environment, multiply disease-causing organisms, and cause the spread of human and animal infectious diseases, particularly livestock diseases, which can lead to outbreaks and cause serious damage to humans and animals.
2.2.2 Under anaerobic conditions, urine decomposes to produce over 200 types of organic odor substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, alcohol, and methane, which pollute the environment through the atmosphere, water, and soil. These substances cause unpleasant smells, irritate respiratory tracts, cause respiratory diseases, and reduce the productivity of livestock and poultry.
2.2.3 Unprocessed wastewater from livestock and poultry excreta and farms contains large amounts of pollutants, including nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Especially when feed amino acids are imbalanced and available nutrients are low, it is estimated that a 500-head farm discharges at least 1,500 tons of wastewater annually, including about 5.35 tons of nitrogen and 1.55 tons of phosphorus. When these enter the soil, they convert into nitrates and phosphates. High concentrations can render the land unproductive, pollute surface and groundwater, exceed standard levels of nitrate-nitrogen and bacteria in water, contaminate drinking water, soil, and crops, and spread zoonotic and livestock infectious diseases.
In 2000, the State Environmental Protection Agency issued the "Drainage Standards for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry" and the "Administrative Measures for the Pollution Prevention and Control of Livestock and Poultry Farms." However, in recent years, due to the massive scale of breeding, changes in breeding methods, and distribution areas, the environmental pollution problems caused have shown a trend of increasing total volumes, intensifying severity, and expanding scope. As a result, the government has taken some measures. In 2001, the "Pig Restrictions" and "Braise Orders" were issued. Shenzhen banned pig farming in 2009.
After the Spring Festival this year, Fujian Province also issued a "Limiting Order" for the pig farming industry in the Jiulongjiang River Basin, the second-largest river system in the province. All farms within one kilometer of the main stream and 500 meters of both sides of the tributary were demolished. It is prohibited to build new or expanded farms within 5 kilometers of the main stream and 1 kilometer of the tributary. Farms outside the restricted area must meet discharge standards, otherwise, they will be closed. Tens of thousands of pigs in Longyan and Zhangzhou in Fujian will be removed, and hundreds of thousands of pigs will be cleared. All of this indicates that aquaculture pollution is very serious. How can we reduce pollution to acceptable levels and make pig farming both profitable and environmentally friendly? Where is the way out?
**3. Ecological Solutions**
Since the waste produced by pig farming has become a serious pollution source, we must follow the principles of "reduction, recycling, harmlessness, and ecologicalization," implement harmless treatment and ecological recycling, and adopt a green and healthy breeding system. To achieve harmonious and healthy development of the pig-raising industry and the ecological environment, the proposal of "zero-emission" pollution on large-scale pig farms is the limit of pollution reduction and our goal.
The pig industry pollution mainly adopts two technical models. First, promoting "zero-emission" farming techniques. For example, Jinbao's ecological fermentation bed cultivation eliminates excrement, no rinsing, and cleanliness. Five years of practice have proven it to be very economically beneficial. The second is adopting a three-dimensional ecological breeding model, such as "Pig-Marsh-Fruit-Fish," which requires large-scale farming, high environmental requirements, and high investment costs, leading to limitations.
In addition, farmers need to make money, so reducing breeding costs and increasing breeding efficiency is essential. In the current market, the goal is to spend less and make more. Ecological fermentation bed breeding can save energy, materials, water, medical expenses, and labor. On the other hand, raising pigs on the fermentation bed improves the quality of the meat, making it crisp, fresh, and delicious, allowing for higher sales prices.
In fact, the State Council and local agricultural departments have also vigorously supported and promoted the cultivation of ecological fermentation beds. In September 2008, the Shandong Provincial Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary issued the "Opinions on Accelerating the Promotion of Natural Pig Raising Law" (Lu Mu Department of Animal Husbandry [2008] No. 14), supporting the ecological breeding mode of the fermentation bed. Local governments also provide subsidies of 50-100 yuan per square meter. In Hebi City, Henan Province, the Bureau of Animal Husbandry has taken six measures to promote the new ecological pig-raising model, aiming to reach an area of 500,000 square meters or more in fermentation beds by 2011. The eco-ring maintenance pig farm will produce 1 million live pigs annually. It plans to popularize it in one year, expand it in two years, and improve it in three years.
In Funan County, Shandong Province, a leading group for the promotion of bio-pigs was also established, led by the county deputy head and relevant departments of animal husbandry, finance, and land. The main leaders personally oversee the promotion of biological ring maintenance pig technology. Experts and technicians from Baofu and businesses visit households to guide and strengthen the organization and coordination of the promotion of biological ring maintenance pig technology. The promotion of biological ring maintenance pig technology has been included in the important content of rural economic assessment. Township and town governments have issued task indicators, implemented monthly dispatch, quarterly summary, and half-year notification systems, with assessments as the starting point, accelerating the pace of promoting bio-ring maintenance pig technology. It has become a National Biological Ring Maintenance Pig Demonstration Base County.
It can be said that the ecological fermentation bed is a very good model to solve the pollution problem and improve aquaculture efficiency. With the promotion of various regions, its prospects are very promising.
**4. Characteristics and Efficacy of Fermentation Beds**
Ecological fermentation bed aquaculture technology refers to an ecological farming model that uses the principles of microbiology, ecology, and fermentation engineering, with active functional microbes as the "conversion center" of material energy. The core of this technology lies in the long-term, continuous, and stable conversion of animal waste and urine into useful substances and energy through powerful and beneficial functional microbial composite flora, achieving pollution-free, zero-emissions, and completely degrading the excreta of pigs and other animals. This is the most up-to-date and environmentally-friendly breeding model in the world today. Europe, the United States, Japan, and South Korea started applying this technology very early. Since the 1990s, experts and professors from various countries have begun systematic research and practice of pig breeding on the fermentation bed, gradually forming a relatively complete technical standard. China has begun to apply this technology in recent years in the aquaculture industry and achieved remarkable results.
For example, in the Jinbao Ecological Fertilizer, a 50-cm underground or ground litter pit is set up, filled with paddy straw or rice husks and other agricultural by-products. Pig manure and urine are directly discharged onto the litter, and a powerful strain of the golden baby is used to start the fermentation and decomposition process. The pigs restore their eating habits, and some bacterial proteins are eaten by the pigs. The entire breeding process achieves zero-emission, odor-free, and non-polluting effects.
Thus, the ecological fermentation bed has the following effects:
1. **Deodorizing and Environment-Friendly Microorganisms**: They decompose excreta within 2-3 days (and fully within a few hours), making the pigsty clean, improving the environment, minimizing pollution, and discharging it on-site.
2. **Energy-Saving and Temperature Regulation**: The surface temperature of the grain-fermentation bed is kept at 20°C for many years, saving heating costs in winter (especially for nursery pigs and in northern regions where temperatures fall below 15°C for more than a month, saving a lot of money). The microorganisms use the waste as a nutrient source, providing protein for the pigs, acting as snacks in addition to staple food. A goldfish fermentation bed can save an average of 100 pounds of feed per pig.
3. **Water-Saving and Labor Reduction**: Using fermentation bed breeding avoids the need for flushing. In addition to normal drinking water, water consumption can be reduced by 75%-90%, and labor can be saved by 30%-50%, completed in a few hours daily or even every few days.
4. **Disease Resistance and Growth Promotion**: There are a large number of beneficial microorganisms and fermentation growth-promoting factors. Pigs eat to improve intestinal health, increase disease resistance. Compared to traditional farming, the cement floor is hard, and frequent flushing negatively affects growth. Improved environment and treatment help pigs stay healthy and gain weight, with an average weight gain of 10-15 kg per pig.
5. **Increased Economic Efficiency**: Eco-fermentation bed breeding saves costs on water, electricity, labor, feed, and medicine, while improving pork quality, allowing for higher sales prices, thus enhancing economic benefits. Since there are so many benefits, how do you make a fermentation bed?
**5. Production and Maintenance of Fermentation Beds**
**5.1 Structural Requirements of the Fermentation Bed**
The direction of the pigsty should be east-west and south-facing. It can be made into a greenhouse or single-row and double-row structure according to local conditions.
To ensure ventilation, the pigsty should ideally have "four windows complete" (skylights, underground windows, common windows, and windbreaks). Pens should be separated by fences to prevent bad odors from accumulating in dead corners, ensuring good air circulation.
The area should not be too large or too small. For example, the recommended size for the Jinpo fermentation bed is 20-45 square meters, effectively preventing or reducing the occurrence of "bad beds," "blisters beds," and "mud beds."
According to the terrain, underground or semi-underground structures can be built to prevent water leakage.
**5.2 Production of Fermentation Beds**
Taking the production of the Jinbao fermentation bed as an example, the unique "dry spreading" and "dumb-type" operation of the Jinbao fermentation bed is very simple and convenient. Just "one dose and one material" and "five layers of four-layer fungicide" are sufficient.
For example, to make a 20-square-meter fermented bed, first dilute 2 kg of gold treasure compound (in a 5:1 ratio) with 10 kg of rice bran or corn flour, bran, etc., and divide into 4 parts. Then prepare 10 square meters of about 2 tons of dry sawdust (total thickness not below 50 cm), divided into 5 parts. Spread a 10 cm layer of sawdust, then a layer of fungus, totaling 5 layers of sawdust and 4 layers of fungus. After the bed is completed, the pigs are placed inside. Remember not to add water. The density should be 1.2-1.5 square meters per pig, not too small or too large. Piglets should be adjusted accordingly. Within two to three days, the fermentation and decomposition of feces begin. The Jinbao dry-type fermentation bed is very simple and does not require pre-fermentation before adding water.
**5.3 Maintenance of the Fermentation Bed**
The operation of the ecological fermentation bed is closely related to maintenance. Proper maintenance directly affects the function and lifespan of the fermentation bed. For example, the goldfish fermentation bed requires no cleaning if well maintained. How to maintain it?
**5.3.1 Humidity Control**
The humidity of excrement, urine, and the central layer should be controlled below 65%. The simple way to judge is to grab a handful of material and see if water drips from the fingers—this is the appropriate standard. If the water mark is visible, it is too wet. Too dry or too wet is not conducive to fermentation. Too little water slows down microbial fermentation, while too much water increases temperature slowly and causes poor ventilation, creating an anaerobic environment that promotes spoilage bacteria and produces odors, potentially causing a "dead bed" phenomenon. A drainage slot should be made under the drinker to drain excess water. Generally, the surface humidity is around 20-30%, and the middle layer is 50-65%.
Therefore, during routine maintenance, the humidity of the fermentation bed should be regularly observed and adjusted. If the bed is slightly dry, spray water lightly. If it is too wet, add dry litter, mix it with other areas, or remove some dry litter and re-add it to the bed.
**5.3.2 Regular Turning**
Turn the bed regularly, with a depth of 20-30 cm. The frequency should be once or twice a week as needed. Wet and dry should be balanced.
**5.3.3 Ventilation**
Maintain good ventilation. Open the skylight to release ammonia gas and nitrogen dioxide from the ground window, drain vapor through the common window, and enhance airflow with the induced draft fan window during hot weather. When the temperature is high at noon, open the skylight and cover it at night. Depending on the time, season, and climate, take reasonable ventilation measures to maintain the air requirements of the fermentation bed, keeping it warm in winter and cool in summer.
**5.3.4 Adding Litter and Bacteria**
After prolonged use, add a certain amount of litter and bacteria according to the subsidence of the litter, maintaining the appropriate thickness of the litter layer. This ensures that the core fermentation layer, protective layer, and buffer layer each have their own space.