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How to make bean seedlings
Kidney bean seedlings: Kidney beans are warm-loving crops that require specific temperature conditions for successful germination and growth. Seeds should be sown when the temperature is between 20°C and 25°C. Once germinated, seedlings thrive at 18°C to 20°C, but they are sensitive to cold—below 13°C can cause root damage or rot. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged, as excessive moisture can lead to disease. In northern China, such as in the Northeast and Inner Mongolia, kidney beans are typically sown once a year, usually in early May, using broadcasting methods. In southern regions, planting can occur in both spring and autumn, with fall sowing also done via broadcasting. Due to their weak regenerative ability and tendency to develop corky roots, it's best to transplant seedlings rather than direct sow. Seedlings are usually transplanted when they are 7 to 15 days old. Sowing time varies from early February to early March. Most farmers use dry seeds, but these can carry diseases like anthrax, leaf spot, and viral infections. To reduce risk, it's recommended to disinfect seeds before sowing. In cold bed cultivation, seeds should be evenly spaced to avoid overlapping. For each hectare, 40–50 kg of seed is used, along with 45–60 kg of dwarf varieties. After sowing, the soil should be lightly compacted and covered with 2 cm of soil, followed by a layer of mulch or plastic for insulation. The ideal temperature after sowing is 20–25°C, and once the cotyledons appear, the temperature should be maintained around 20°C. Watering is generally avoided during the seedling stage. Alternatively, seedlings can be grown in pots, with each pot containing 3–4 seeds. After sowing, cover the pots with a plastic film to retain heat. When the seedlings emerge, thin them out, keeping 2–3 per pot. Transplanting should occur when the first pair of true leaves begins to unfurl.
Cowpea seedlings: Cowpeas prefer warm conditions, with optimal germination temperatures between 25°C and 30°C. Seedlings grow best at 20°C to 25°C. In early spring, many growers use transplanted seedlings, which are often started in cold frames or greenhouses. Compared to kidney beans, cowpeas require higher temperatures, so sowing is usually delayed. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, sowing typically begins in mid-to-late March. A seeding rate of 40–60 kg per hectare is common. To protect the delicate root system, nutrient-rich seedlings are often used, with 3–4 seeds planted per cell. After sowing, the seeds should be soaked and kept moist. Once the seedlings emerge, the temperature should be kept at 20–25°C during the day and 15–18°C at night. Proper ventilation is essential to prevent leggy growth and ensure sufficient light exposure. It's important to avoid sudden temperature drops, as this can cause root damage. Seedlings are usually transplanted when they have two true leaves.
Soybean seedlings: Soybeans are also warm-season crops, with germination occurring best at 15–20°C. The critical low temperature is 6–7°C. The ideal temperature for seedling growth is 20–25°C. Because of the wide range of maturity periods among soybean varieties, sowing times vary significantly. Early-maturing varieties are often sown from early February to mid-April and may be transplanted. Late-maturing types can be directly broadcast. The seeding rate is typically 40–50 kg per hectare. Seeds should be spread evenly on the seedbed surface to avoid clumping. For nutrition seedlings, 3–4 seeds are planted per cell, and the soil should be covered with a 2–3 cm layer of mulch. Covering the bed with plastic helps increase temperature and moisture retention. Seedlings need adequate light and consistent moisture to grow strong. They should be transplanted into the field once the cotyledons have fully opened and the first true leaves begin to appear. Nutrition seedlings can be kept longer, up to the emergence of the second compound leaves.