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How to make bean seedlings
Kidney bean seedling cultivation: Kidney beans are heat-loving crops that require specific temperature conditions for optimal growth. Seeds germinate best between 20°C and 25°C, while seedlings thrive at 18°C to 20°C. However, if the temperature drops below 13°C, root rot can occur easily. The soil should be moist but not waterlogged, as excessive moisture can harm the seeds. In northern China, such as in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, kidney beans are typically sown once a year, usually in early May, and are mainly broadcasted. In southern regions and during spring, they can be grown in both spring and autumn, with fall planting often done through broadcasting. Due to their weak regenerative ability and tendency to develop corky roots, it's common to transplant seedlings, which are usually 7 to 15 days old. Sowing is generally done from early February to early March. Most farmers use dry seeds for direct sowing, but these seeds are prone to diseases like anthracnose, leaf spot, and viral infections. To reduce disease risk, it’s recommended to disinfect the seeds before planting. Seedlings are often raised in cold beds, with careful attention given to uniform seeding to avoid overlapping. For each hectare, 40–50 kg of regular seeds or 45–60 kg of dwarf varieties are used. After sowing, the soil should be compacted and covered with 2 cm of soil, followed by a layer of insulation. The seedbed should maintain a temperature of 20–25°C after sowing, and once the cotyledons appear, the temperature should be lowered slightly to 20°C. Watering is usually avoided during the seedling stage. Alternatively, seedlings can be nurtured in pots, with pre-watering before planting, and each pot containing 3–4 seeds. After sowing, the bed is covered with plastic to retain warmth. When the seedlings emerge, thinning and supplementary planting should be done promptly, keeping 2–3 plants per pot. Transplanting is done when the first pair of true leaves begins to unfurl.
Cowpea seedling cultivation: Cowpeas also prefer warm conditions, with germination occurring best between 25°C and 30°C. Seedlings grow well at 20°C to 25°C. In early spring, kidney beans are commonly transplanted using seedlings, which are often grown in cold frames or greenhouses. Compared to kidney beans, cowpeas have higher temperature requirements, so their sowing period is later. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, sowing usually starts in mid-March to late March. The sowing rate is around 40–60 kg per hectare. To protect the delicate root system, nutrient-rich seedlings are often used, with 3–4 seeds planted per seedling. After sowing, the seeds are soaked and kept moist. Once the seedlings emerge, the temperature should be maintained at 20–25°C during the day and 15–18°C at night. Proper ventilation is essential to ensure good light exposure and prevent elongated, weak seedlings. It’s important to avoid excessively low temperatures to prevent root damage from cold air. Typically, kidney bean seedlings are transplanted when they have two true leaves.
Soybean seedling cultivation: Soybeans are also warm-season crops, with germination occurring best between 15°C and 20°C. The critical low temperature is 6°C to 7°C. The ideal temperature for seedling growth is 20°C to 25°C. Due to variations in maturity among different soybean varieties, sowing times can differ significantly. Early-maturing varieties are often sown from early February to mid-April and are frequently transplanted. Late-maturing varieties may be directly broadcasted. The sowing rate is approximately 40–50 kg per hectare. It’s advisable to spread the seeds evenly on the surface of the bed, ensuring they don’t overlap. For nutrient seedlings, 3–4 seeds are planted per cell, and the soil is covered with a 2–3 cm layer of mulch. The bed is then covered with plastic to increase temperature and moisture retention. Seedlings should receive adequate light, with the soil kept moist to promote healthy growth. When the cotyledons unfold and the first true leaves appear, the seedlings are ready to be transplanted into the field. Nutrient seedlings can be left to grow until the second compound leaves emerge.