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Occurrence and Control Techniques of Common Pests in Pepper
Pepper is a nutrient-rich vegetable, containing high levels of vitamin A and C, along with other essential nutrients. It has a unique fragrant and spicy flavor that enhances appetite and aids digestion. Due to its ease of cultivation, strong resistance to adverse conditions, and high yield, pepper has become one of the most popular vegetables in many regions. Over the years, the area under pepper cultivation has been steadily increasing. However, pests and diseases have caused significant damage, particularly to the crop's yield. Among these, pest infestations are especially devastating. Therefore, improving cultivation practices, effectively managing pests, and reducing their impact has become a critical challenge for farmers.
First, the small tiger (also known as the cutworm). 1. Damage characteristics: The larvae of this pest often cut off the stems of pepper seedlings near the ground, causing the entire plant to die. This leads to serious damage, even complete loss of seedlings. 2. Morphological features: The adult is 16–23 mm long, dark brown in color, with the forewings divided into three segments by internal and external transverse lines. It has distinct kidney-shaped, circular, rod-like, and two black sword-like patterns. The eggs are hemispherical, about 0.5 mm in size, with vertical and horizontal lines on the surface. The larvae are 37–47 mm long, gray-black in color, covered with bumps, and have a yellow-brown anal plate with two dark brown longitudinal stripes. They also have a reddish-brown, shiny beak with engraved dots on the back of the 5th to 7th abdominal segments and short spines on the hind legs. 3. Life habits: Adults are nocturnal, active during mating and egg-laying. Eggs are laid on low weeds below 5 cm, especially on the backs or tender stems near the ground. Each female can lay an average of 800–1000 eggs. Adults are strongly attracted to black light and sweet-sour liquid. There are six larval instars. Younger larvae feed on the soil, weeds, or young pepper seedlings, causing minimal damage. After the third day, they become more active, hiding in the topsoil during the day and feeding at night. Mature larvae tend to curl up when disturbed. Their development period ranges from 12–18 days, while winter generations can last up to 150 days. Small tigers prefer warm and humid conditions, with optimal development between 13–25°C. They thrive in loose, well-structured soils such as loam, clay loam, and sandy loam. 4. Prevention and control: (1) Trapping methods: Use black light traps to kill adults or sweet-sour liquid traps made from 6 parts sugar, 3 parts vinegar, 1 part white wine, and 9 parts trichlorfon. Add some pesticide to pickle water for better results. Another method is to collect larvae by manually capturing them or mixing them with poison. (2) Chemical control: Target the early larval stages (1–3 instars), which are more susceptible. Use 21% Cyanmar diluted 8000 times, 2.5% deltamethrin diluted 3000 times, 20% fenvalerate diluted 3000 times, 10% broma EC diluted 2000 times, 90% trichlorfon diluted 800 times, or 50% Xin Sulphur diluted 800 times.
Second, the tobacco caterpillar. 1. Damage characteristics: Larvae feed on buds, fruits, stems, leaves, and buds, leading to fruit rot and heavy fruit drop. This significantly reduces yield, with severe infestations causing over 30% pod loss. 2. Morphological features: Adults are 15–18 mm long, with wings 24–33 mm long. The body is yellow, with clear kidney-shaped and ring patterns on the wings. The middle horizontal line extends backward but doesn't reach the ring pattern. The inner side of the wing has a wide brown band. The abdomen is tan, with no black spots on the ventral surface. Eggs are oval and hemispherical, about 0.4 mm high and 0.45 mm wide, with a reticulated pattern. Mature larvae are 40–50 mm long, with irregularly colored bodies and conical, blunt thorns. The anterior lateral hairs extend away from the lower end of the chest valve. The pupa is about 17–20 mm long, with a thick front segment and a small, low valve. 3. Life habits: The larvae typically complete 4–5 generations per year. They overwinter in the soil. Adults are nocturnal, attracted to black light and willow branches. Eggs are laid sparsely on the front of young shoots, sometimes on the opposite side of leaves, buds, stalks, branches, or petioles. Egg-laying peaks occur at 8–9 PM and 11–12 PM. Hatching also occurs in two peak periods: 5–7 PM and 6–9 AM. Newly hatched larvae first eat their eggshells before feeding on buds or young leaves. By the third instar, they begin feeding on peppers. Development duration: eggs 3–4 days, larvae 11–25 days, pupae 10–17 days, adults 5–7 days. 4. Control methods: (1) In heavily affected areas, planting trap crops around the main fields can help capture overwintering adults and facilitate extermination. (2) Remove damaged fruits promptly to prevent further damage. (3) Chemical control: Apply insecticides in June for the first generation, July to August for the second and third, and September to October for the fourth and fifth generations. Use 90% trichlorfon diluted 800 times, 10% permethrin diluted 3000 times, 25% cyhalothrin diluted 4000 times, 20% cypermethrin diluted 3000 times, or 2.5% enemy killed diluted 4000–6000 times.
Third, aphids. 1. Damage characteristics: These pests attach themselves to the foliage, extracting nutrients and transmitting viruses. 2. Morphological features: Winged females are about 2.0 mm long, with a black head and chest and a green belly. Wingless females are 2.5 mm long, yellow-green, green, or black-green. 3. Life habits: In warm areas or greenhouses, reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis. Optimal breeding temperature is 15–26°C, with relative humidity around 75.8%. 4. Control methods: Eliminate them before they multiply excessively. Use 40% fenvalerate diluted 3000 times, 10% one-time net wettable powder diluted 2000 times, or 40% dimethoate diluted 1000 times.
Fourth, red spider mites. 1. Damage characteristics: Both nymphs and adults feed on the underside of leaves, causing yellowing, whitening, and eventually rust-brown discoloration. Severe infestations lead to premature leaf fall, stunted fruit growth, and even plant death. 2. Morphological features: Adults are 0.25–0.51 mm long, with females slightly larger than males. Females are nearly round, with various colors including red, brown, green, and dark green. Eggs are oval, 0.13 mm in diameter, transparent when first laid, turning dark brown before hatching. Larvae are nearly round, transparent, with red eyes and three pairs of legs. After feeding, they turn green and grow to about 0.15 mm. Nymphs are darker, with visible pigment blocks on their sides. 3. Life habits: Adults, nymphs, and eggs overwinter in soil cracks or on nearby weeds under host leaves. Red spiders thrive in temperatures around 28°C and humidity between 35–55%, but stop reproducing above 34°C or below 20°C. They reproduce parthenogenetically, with unfertilized eggs producing males. Eggs are laid on the undersides of young leaves and fruit depressions. Nymphs and larvae are less active, while older nymphs are more mobile and tend to move upward on plants. 4. Control methods: Early intervention is key. Spray 73% Creutine EC diluted 3000 times or 20% Synergist diluted 2500–3000 times immediately upon detection.
Fifth, tea yellow mite. 1. Damage characteristics: This pest has a wide host range and causes oily stains on the back of pepper leaves. Leaves turn yellow-brown, curl downward, and young stems become discolored. Severely affected plants show stunted growth, dropped flowers, and bald patches. Fruits may harden and fail to develop properly. 2. Morphological features: Female mites are about 0.21 mm long, oval-shaped, light yellow to orange-yellow, and translucent, with five pairs of short legs and four pairs of slender legs. Males are smaller, hexagonal, and pale yellow to orange-yellow, with long, thick legs. Eggs are elliptical, about 0.1 mm long, colorless and transparent, with 5–6 rows of white nodules on the surface. Nymphs are elliptical and pale green, with three clearly divided abdominal sections and one pair of bristles and three pairs of legs. 3. Life habits: At 20–30°C, the life cycle takes 7–10 days. It can occur year-round in tropical and greenhouse conditions, but fertility drops in winter. Most reproduction is sexual, though parthenogenesis is possible. Unhatched eggs produce only males. Eggs are laid sparsely on the back of young leaves and in fruit depressions. Both adults and nymphs prefer tender leaves. Optimal growth and reproduction occur at 16–23°C and 80–90% humidity. High temperatures and heavy rain reduce populations. 4. Prevention and control: Regular field inspections are crucial. Apply sprays during the early flowering stage, repeating every 10–14 days for three rounds. Focus on the upper leaves, especially the back of tender leaves, tender stems, flower organs, and young fruits. Use 57% Kotel EC diluted 800 times, 48% Loester EC diluted 1500 times, or 20% Emu WP diluted 1000 times.
Sixth, thrips. 1. Damage characteristics: Thrips feed on pepper buds, affecting plant growth. Large infestations can cause significant losses if not controlled. 2. Life habits: They have 17–20 generations per year. Adults overwinter in soil clods, cracks, or litter, while some nymphs or beetles remain in the topsoil. Adults are attracted to light, green, and moisture. They are very active, especially in the evening, and hide in the plant's growing point during the day. Both adults and nymphs suck sap from the heart leaves, young leaves, and flowers, causing the growing point to atrophy, leaves to twist, and plants to grow slowly with shortened internodes. They thrive in temperatures between 25–30°C and soil moisture levels of 8–18%. High temperatures and excessive moisture can lead to high mortality. 3. Control methods: Use chemical sprays such as 25% quizal EC, 5% acephamide EC, 75% dimethoate diluted 1000 times, 2.5% deltamethrin diluted 2000 times, 50% Bataan diluted 2000 times, or 20% good year diluted 2000 times.