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Kidney bean root absorption characteristics and dynamics
(1) Root Absorption Characteristics: The root system of cowpea is well-developed, but its regenerative capacity is relatively low. The main root can reach a depth of approximately 80 to 100 cm, while the majority of the root mass is concentrated in the 15–18 cm plough layer. Lateral roots are sparse, and the number of root nodules is limited, resulting in a weak nitrogen-fixing ability. Despite this, cowpea roots have a strong water absorption capacity and good drought tolerance. However, they are sensitive to compacted soils and low moisture conditions, which can hinder root development and nodule activity. Cowpea adapts well to a variety of soil types, but it thrives best in fertile, well-drained, and well-aerated loam or sandy loam with a pH range of 6.2 to 7.0. Soils that are too heavy or dry may negatively affect both root growth and nodule function.
(2) Fertilizer Requirements: Cowpea has similar fertilizer needs to those of kidney beans, and overall nutrient demands are not very high. During the early growth stage (the seedling or crust stage), when the root nodules are not yet fully developed, the plant's nitrogen fixation capability is limited. Therefore, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at this time. After flowering and pod formation, the plant’s uptake of phosphorus and potassium increases significantly, along with the activity of rhizobia. During this period, which involves both vegetative and reproductive growth, the demand for various nutrients rises. It is advisable to use balanced NPK fertilizers to help regulate the distribution of photosynthetic products and support healthy growth.
According to experimental studies, cowpea requires the highest amount of phosphorus fertilizer, followed by potassium, and the least amount of nitrogen. In the early stages of growth, it's important to manage water and fertilizer carefully, reducing nitrogen application while increasing phosphorus and potassium to ensure stable and balanced development. This approach helps optimize nutrient use efficiency and supports long-term productivity.