Detoxification and Feeding of Cotton Seed Cakes

Hao Hailiang
2006-9-7
Cottonseed cake is a by-product of cottonseed oil extraction and is a good protein supplement feed. Most of the cottonseeds are shelled and refined. The by-products of oil extraction by pressing are cottonseed cakes. The by-products extracted by extraction are cottonseed meal, and a small part of the by-products after shelling are cottonseed cakes.
1. Characteristics of cottonseed cakes Cottonseed cakes generally contain 30% to 35% crude protein and over 10% crude fiber. Its amino acid content is unbalanced, its methionine content is moderate, its lysine content is low, and it contains free gossypol toxin. Pigs, chickens and other monogastric animals feeding large or long-term feeding cottonseed cake, will occur in varying degrees of poisoning. However, due to the action of microorganisms, ruminants can decompose gossypol into the stomach, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are safe to feed cottonseed cakes. Therefore, in the use of cottonseed cake with pig, chicken feed should be used or rational use of cottonseed cake after detoxification.
2. Toxicity of free gossypol to livestock and poultry In China's feed standards, the content of free gossypol in the batch materials of laying hens, growing-finishing pigs, and broilers is 20 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, respectively.
(1) Damage to cells, blood vessels, and nervous animals. Poisoning is manifested as impaired growth, difficulty breathing, and decreased fertility. Free gossypol can be combined with iron ions, affect the synthesis of hemoglobin, causing iron deficiency anemia.
(2) damage to the reproductive system, especially for male animals, can damage the spermatogenic cells, so that the formation of sperm is inhibited, resulting in sperm deformity, death or azoospermia, decreased fertility, and even infertility.
(3) Affecting egg quality When used improperly in the layer chicken feed, it will not cause much impact on the layer chicken itself, but it will affect the egg that it produces. After a while, the egg yolk will turn brown and hard, and the protein will be pink. Loss of food value.
(4) Reducing the quality of dairy products Overfeeding or individually feeding cows will reduce the quality of dairy products and cause harm to the health and reproduction of dairy cows.
3. Detoxification method for cottonseed cake (1) Ferrous sulfate method This is a method with low cost, good effect and easy operation. When ferrous sulfate is used for detoxification, the amount of ferrous sulfate used should be different depending on whether it is machine-pressed or soil-extracted cottonseed. The pressed cottonseed cake is applied with ferrous sulfate 200g-400g per 100kg, and the pressed cottonseed cake is applied with 1000g-2000g. When used, the ferrous sulfate is first dissolved with 200 kg of water to prepare a ferrous sulfate solution for use.
If detoxification in the oil mill, ferrous sulfate can be formulated as an aqueous solution directly sprayed on the finished cotton seed cake, should pay attention to spraying evenly, can not be too wet, otherwise it is not conducive to preservation. It is also possible to mix the dry powder of ferrous sulfate directly with the cottonseed meal or feed in the same proportion as described above and strive for uniformity.
(2) Water boiling method This method is based on cottonseed cake in the water cotton seed gland destruction, release of free gossypol, at a higher temperature can be combined with the free amino group of the protein, to become animal toxicity-free cotton The principle of phenol is used. The operation is to pulverize the powdered cottonseed cake, add proper amount of water to boil for 30min to 40min, stir frequently, and feed after cooling. If boiled with 10% bran or barley, the effect will be better.
(3) Alkaline treatment: Select one of 2% slaked lime aqueous solution, 1% sodium hydroxide solution or 2.5% sodium bicarbonate solution, soak the crushed cottonseed cake for 24 hours, then use clean water. Rinse 4 to 5 times, can also achieve detoxification purposes.
4. Reasonable feeding of cottonseed cake The principle of feeding cottonseed cake is to control its hazard within the tolerance range of livestock and poultry. Generally speaking, pigs have lower tolerance to gossypol than chickens. Young animals are lower than adult animals, and monogastric animals are lower than ruminants.
(1) It is better to use no milk seed cake in the use of pig feed and piglet feed. During the middle pig stage (body weight 30kg to 60kg), the feed rate is 4%, the big pig stage (body weight is more than 60kg), the feed rate is 5%, and the effect of adding the appropriate amount of lysine additive when feeding is better. . It is best not to use in breeding pig feed.
(2) It is not suitable to use chicken feed in chicken feed. In order not to affect the quality of eggs, it is not recommended for use in layer chicken feed. 5% of sunflower pots can be used. When used in broiler feed, it is mainly used in adult broilers but does not exceed 5% of the diet.
(3) The use of cottonseed cakes in cattle feed is extremely valuable for ruminants, as long as it is not overdose or fed alone, it will not have a toxic effect. Do not use cottonseed cake meal in dairy cows' feedstuffs. The amount of yak material used can account for 15% of the concentrate. The maximum amount of cottonseed cake used in beef cattle can account for 20%. The general range is 15% to 20%. It can be combined with corn, bean cake and bran in a certain proportion to feed the full price. When fully feeding high-quality roughage, it is supplemented with carotene and calcium, and its weight gain effect is better.
5. Precautions for the use of cottonseed cake (1) The appropriate ratio is generally used in combination with 4% to 5% of non-detoxified cottonseed cake, which is used in alternation with the rapeseed meal for a long time to improve feed nutrition. Value, reduce costs, and do not have to deal with detoxification.
(2) Appropriate increase in protein levels According to research, the protein in pig diets is related to the accumulation of gossypol. When the protein content is high, the poisoning rate is low. When formulating the feed formulation, the crude protein content is preferably slightly higher than the animal's nutritional needs.
(3) Note that the lysine content in the lysine supplemented lysine cottonseed cake is generally low. When using, add 0.2% lysine to the diet or add appropriate amount of animal protein feed such as fish meal or lotus root meal or use it in equal amount with bean cake.
Author unit: Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Qingxu County, Shanxi Province

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