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The Harmless Melon Production Technology in Sunlight Greenhouse in Saline and Alkaline Land
Qin Wangchuan, historically one of the most arid regions in central Gansu, includes two counties—Yongdeng and Gaolan—with approximately 57,300 hectares of arable land. The area is relatively flat, with elevations ranging from 1,850 to 2,300 meters. The soil layer is about 0.6 to 1.0 meters thick, primarily composed of calcareous, chestnut-calcium, and loessial soils. Annual precipitation averages 285 mm, while evaporation reaches 1,888 mm. The average annual temperature is 5.9°C, with 2,659 hours of annual sunshine and an accumulated temperature of 2,893°C above 0°C. These conditions are favorable for solar greenhouse agriculture, but the soil salt content in the Qin Wangchuan Irrigation Area ranges from 0.21% to 0.24%, and the pH level is between 8.0 and 8.5, which limits the development of such greenhouses. To address this challenge, the Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences conducted a melon cultivation experiment under saline-alkaline conditions at the Qin Wangchuan Experimental Station. After five years of research and field practice during autumn and winter, they developed a solar greenhouse system suitable for the region. Below are the key technologies and practices implemented.
1. **Greenhouse Optimization Technology**: Ventilation openings and doorways were equipped with insect-proof screens to prevent pests from entering. Long-lasting non-drip films and black or silver-gray mulch were used to reduce virus disease incidence. When morning temperatures drop below 8°C in December, temporary heating was applied to ensure normal melon growth.
2. **Variety Selection**: The "Yinling" and "Honey World" varieties from the Taiwan Nongyou Seed & Maturation Company were found to be well-suited for the area. These varieties are resistant to wilt disease, cold, and moisture, with light green flesh and a delicate texture.
3. **Cultivating Strong Seedlings**
- **Nutrient Soil Preparation**: Light loam, mature compost, or decomposed manure (horse or sheep) not used for melons or solanaceous crops in the past 3–5 years were mixed in a ratio of 1:3. Superphosphate, urea, phoxim granules, and dexcone wettable powder were added to the mix. The mixture was then sieved, covered, and left to heat up in summer for 10–15 days to reach a temperature above 60°C.
- **Seedbed Preparation**: A dry, leeward site was chosen with a width of 1.2m, depth of 15cm, and length of 9m. Nutrient soil was placed in 10cm x 10cm containers and covered with a film. A small shed was built on top for sterilization over 10–15 days.
- **Sowing Timing**: Autumn-winter thick muskmelon seedlings were planted in early August, with a seedling age of 20–25 days.
- **Seed Soaking and Germination**: Seeds were soaked in warm water (55°C) for 15 minutes, or in 40% formalin (80–100 times dilution) for 30 minutes, or in 0.1% potassium permanganate (25–30°C) for 15–20 minutes. After germination, 75% of the seeds were sown.
- **Seedbed Management**: After planting, the seedbed was covered with mulch and a shed film, with shade nets used to control temperature. The temperature was kept below 30°C during the day and above 15°C at night. Once 90% of the seedlings emerged, the mulch was lifted for ventilation and humidity control. Seedlings were ready for transplanting when they had 2 leaves and 1 heart, 10–15 cm tall, and stems 0.5–0.8 cm thick.
4. **Pre-Planting Preparation**
- **Crop Rotation**: Greenhouses that had not been used for melons or eggplants for 3 years were selected. The soil pH was kept below 8.5, and salt content below 0.5 mS/cm to prevent root diseases.
- **Fertilization and Disinfection**: 10 m³ of fully composted sheep manure was applied per 667 m², along with 2 kg of phoxim granules and 1.5 kg of dexcone WP. The mixture was covered and heated to 60°C or higher using summer sun exposure for 120 hours.
- **Soil Preparation**: For each 667 m², 40 kg of DAP, 15 kg of urea, 20 kg of potassium sulfate, and 40 kg of soil curing agent were mixed into the soil. A 70 cm wide ridge was formed with a 35 cm wide, 15 cm deep ditch. Planting holes were spaced 45 cm apart.
- **Transplanting**: On a sunny afternoon, seedlings were transplanted after watering the seedbed. A solution of 25% carbendazim WP (800x) and 20% extinguishing DF (2000x) was sprayed before planting. Seedlings were placed 1 cm below the hole edge.
5. **Field Management**
- **Mulching and Salt Control**: Black or silver-gray mulch was used to cover the soil around the plants, preventing salt and alkali damage.
- **Salt Spray Treatment**: Every 10–15 days, 0.2% Kangdibao saline improver was applied through irrigation to reduce salt accumulation.
- **Pruning**: Vines were hung as needed, and diseased leaves and flowers were removed to improve air circulation and light penetration.
- **Temperature and Humidity Control**: Ventilation was opened when indoor temperatures reached 30°C and closed when it dropped to 25°C. Nighttime temperatures were maintained at 13–18°C, with air humidity between 50–60% to prevent fungal diseases.
- **Fertilizer and Water Management**:
- During vine spreading, 7.5 kg of urea, 7.5 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 20 kg of fermented oil residue were applied per 667 m².
- During pollination and fruit setting, an additional 10 kg of potassium sulfate was added.
- Before maturity, 5 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of potassium sulfate were dissolved in 5 m³ of water and applied to promote ripening.
- Foliar sprays of superphosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were applied twice or three times to enhance fruit quality.
- **Pest Control**: Yellow sticky traps were used to capture aphids, whiteflies, and leaf miners. Insecticides such as scorpion smoke, imidacloprid, and chlorpyrifos were alternated for effective pest control. Fungal diseases were managed with high-fat film, Wuyimycin, and chlorothalonil. Viral diseases were controlled with antiviral agents, and bacterial infections were treated with kasugamycin and copper-based products. Root rot and nematodes were managed with kasugamycin and Avi-butane Sulfur Microemulsion.
6. **Harvesting, Storage, and Transportation**
- **Harvesting**: Fruits were harvested in the morning when there was no dew, retaining the T-shaped fruit stem to avoid mechanical damage. Yinling and Honey World varieties were identified by their shape, skin color, aroma, and elasticity.
- **Grading and Pre-Cooling**: After harvest, fruits were graded and pre-cooled. They were stored at 4–8°C with 85–90% humidity in special boxes. Care was taken to avoid contamination during storage.