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The Harmless Melon Production Technology in Sunlight Greenhouse in Saline and Alkaline Land
Qin Wangchuan is historically one of the most arid regions in central Gansu Province, covering two counties—Yongdeng and Gaolan—with approximately 57,300 hectares of arable land. The area features a flat topography, with an elevation ranging from 1,850 to 2,300 meters. The soil layer is about 0.6 to 1.0 meters thick, primarily composed of calcareous, chestnut-calcium, and loessial soils. Annual precipitation averages 285 mm, while evaporation reaches as high as 1,888 mm. The average annual temperature is 5.9°C, and there are around 2,659 hours of annual sunshine. The accumulated temperature above 0°C is 2,893°C, which makes the region suitable for solar greenhouse farming. However, the average soil salt content in the Qin Wangchuan Irrigation Area ranges between 0.21% and 0.24%, and the pH level is between 8.0 and 8.5, which limits the development of traditional greenhouse agriculture. To address these challenges, the Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences conducted a five-year study at the Qin Wangchuan Experimental Station, focusing on melon cultivation under saline-alkali conditions. Through extensive research and practice, they developed a solar greenhouse system tailored for the region. Below are the key techniques used in this project.
1. **Greenhouse Optimization Technology**
To prevent pests from entering through ventilation openings and doors, long-lasting non-drip films and black or silver-gray mulch were installed. When morning temperatures drop below 8°C, temporary heating is applied to ensure the healthy growth of melons.
2. **Variety Selection**
Two varieties—Yinling and Honey World, provided by the Taiwan Nongyou Seed & Maturation Company—are well-suited for the region. These varieties show resistance to wilt disease, cold tolerance, and have light green flesh with a delicate texture.
3. **Cultivating Strong Seedlings**
- **Nutrient Soil Preparation**: A mix of light loam, decomposed manure, and aged compost was used, along with fertilizers such as superphosphate and urea. The mixture was sterilized using high heat.
- **Seedbed Setup**: A dry, leeward location was chosen, with dimensions of 1.2m x 9m and a depth of 15cm. Nutrient soil was filled and covered for sterilization.
- **Sowing Technique**: Seeds were soaked in warm water (55°C) or formalin solution before planting. Seedlings were transplanted after 20–25 days.
- **Seedling Management**: Temperature control and shading were used to manage seedling growth, ensuring optimal conditions for development.
4. **Soil Preparation and Planting**
- **Crop Rotation**: Melons and eggplants were rotated every three years to prevent root diseases.
- **Fertilization and Disinfection**: Composted sheep manure and chemical disinfectants were applied, followed by solarization during summer.
- **Soil Preparation**: Fertilizers such as DAP, urea, and potassium sulfate were mixed into the soil. Raised beds were created with proper spacing for planting.
- **Planting**: Seedlings were planted on sunny afternoons, with pre-planting irrigation and fungicide spraying.
5. **Field Management**
- **Mulching**: Black or silver-gray mulch was used to protect against salt damage and maintain soil moisture.
- **Salt Control**: Regular applications of saline improvers were used to reduce salt buildup near the planting holes.
- **Pruning**: Diseased leaves and flowers were removed to improve air circulation and light penetration.
- **Climate Control**: Ventilation was managed to keep indoor temperatures between 25–30°C and humidity at 50–60%.
- **Fertilizer and Watering**: Fertilizers were applied in stages, with careful watering to promote fruit development and ripening.
- **Pest Control**: Yellow sticky traps, insecticides, and biological controls were used to manage aphids, whiteflies, and other pests. Diseases such as powdery mildew and bacterial infections were controlled with appropriate sprays.
6. **Harvesting, Storage, and Transportation**
- **Harvesting**: Fruits were harvested in the morning when fully matured, retaining the T-shaped stem to avoid damage.
- **Grading and Storage**: After a few days of post-harvest ripening, fruits were graded and stored at 4–8°C with 85–90% humidity. Special packaging was used to prevent contamination and ensure safe transport.
This comprehensive approach has significantly improved melon production in the Qin Wangchuan region, overcoming the challenges posed by saline-alkali soils and harsh climatic conditions.