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Study on Nutritional Requirements of Trace Element Copper in Dairy Cows
Copper is a vital trace element for the growth, health, and productivity of dairy cows. However, its availability in forage varies significantly due to differences in soil composition, plant species, and environmental conditions. This variability can lead to either copper deficiency or toxicity in different regions. Several factors influence how effectively cattle absorb and utilize copper, making it essential to understand the nutritional role, requirements, and influencing factors of this important mineral.
Copper plays a crucial role in various physiological functions. It is a key component of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, which protects cells from oxidative damage, and ceruloplasmin, involved in iron metabolism. Copper also aids in the conversion of inorganic iron to organic forms, supports hemoglobin synthesis, and enhances red blood cell production. Additionally, it contributes to bone development, melanin formation, and energy metabolism through its role in cytochrome C oxidase. Copper helps maintain the nervous system, stimulates digestive enzyme activity, and supports overall growth and milk production in dairy cows.
The daily copper requirement for dairy cows depends on factors such as body weight, stage of lactation, and growth rate. For example, a 300 kg cow with an average daily gain of 0.7 kg requires about 12 mg/kg of dietary copper, while a 650 kg cow producing 40 kg of milk per day may need up to 15.2 mg/kg. The absorption efficiency of copper decreases as the animal matures, with newborn calves absorbing up to 70% of dietary copper, but adult cattle only absorbing 1–5%.
Several factors affect copper absorption, including the form of copper in feed, the presence of other minerals like molybdenum and sulfur, and the animal's age. Organic copper compounds, such as copper protein chelates, are more bioavailable than inorganic sources like copper sulfate or oxide. However, high levels of sulfur, molybdenum, or zinc can interfere with copper absorption by forming insoluble complexes or increasing metallothionein production, which binds copper and reduces its availability.
Copper deficiency can lead to serious health issues, including hair discoloration, anemia, weakened bones, reduced immune function, and reproductive problems. On the other hand, excessive copper intake can cause toxicity, leading to liver damage, hemolysis, and even death. Therefore, balancing copper intake with other minerals and considering the specific needs of each herd is critical for optimal dairy cow health and performance.
In conclusion, understanding the complex interactions between copper and other nutrients, along with the physiological demands of dairy cows, is essential for developing effective supplementation strategies. By focusing on organic and coated copper sources, farmers can enhance copper utilization while minimizing negative effects on rumen microbes and other mineral interactions. This approach ensures that dairy cows receive the right amount of copper for sustained health and productivity.