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Study on Nutritional Requirements of Trace Element Copper in Dairy Cows
Copper is an essential trace element for the growth and productivity of dairy cows. Due to variations in soil types, plant species, and environmental conditions, the copper content in forage materials can vary significantly, leading to either deficiencies or excesses in different regions. Several factors influence how effectively copper is absorbed by the animal. This paper explores the nutritional and physiological functions of copper, its requirements, and the various factors that affect its absorption and utilization.
Copper plays a vital role in numerous biological processes. It is a key component of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, metallothionein, and ceruloplasmin, which protect cells from oxidative damage and maintain cellular integrity. Copper also aids in iron metabolism by facilitating the conversion of inorganic iron into organic forms, enhancing iron storage in the bone marrow, and promoting hemoglobin synthesis. Additionally, it supports melanin formation through tyrosinase activity, contributes to energy metabolism via cytochrome c oxidase, and helps regulate the nervous system. Copper also influences hormone production, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, thereby affecting overall productivity in dairy cows.
The daily copper requirement varies depending on the cow's body weight, stage of lactation, and growth rate. For example, a 300 kg cow with a daily gain of 0.7 kg requires approximately 12 mg/kg of dietary copper, while a 650 kg cow producing 40 kg of milk per day may need around 15.2 mg/kg. The endogenous loss of copper is about 71 μg/kg of body weight, and the concentration of copper in colostrum and milk is higher than previously reported.
Several factors influence copper absorption, including the form of copper in the diet, the presence of other minerals, and the animal’s age. Young animals absorb copper more efficiently, but this ability declines as they mature. Grazing cattle typically require more copper than those fed concentrated diets due to lower absorption efficiency from forage. Inorganic sources like copper sulfate are commonly used, but organic forms such as copper protein chelates have shown better bioavailability, especially in high-molybdenum or high-sulfur diets.
Minerals like molybdenum, sulfur, and zinc can interfere with copper absorption. High levels of these elements can form insoluble complexes with copper, reducing its availability. Similarly, excessive iron or calcium in the diet may also impact copper uptake. On the other hand, copper deficiency can lead to a range of health issues, including poor coat condition, anemia, weakened bones, and impaired immune function. In severe cases, copper toxicity can result in hemolysis, jaundice, and even death.
In conclusion, the effective management of copper in dairy cow diets must consider multiple factors, including the form of copper, interactions with other minerals, and the animal’s physiological state. Organic and coated copper supplements offer promising alternatives to reduce toxicity and improve absorption, ensuring optimal performance and health in dairy cattle.