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Occurrence and Control Techniques of Common Pests in Pepper
Pepper is a nutrient-rich vegetable, containing vitamins A and C, along with other essential nutrients. It has a fragrant and spicy flavor that stimulates appetite and aids digestion. Due to its easy cultivation, strong resistance, high yield, and popularity among consumers, the area under pepper cultivation has been increasing steadily over the years. However, pests and diseases cause significant losses, especially in cases of severe pest infestation. Therefore, improving cultivation practices, implementing effective pest control measures, and reducing the risk of damage have become critical challenges for farmers.
First, the small tiger (also known as the cutworm). The larvae feed on the stems of young pepper plants near the ground, causing them to die and resulting in serious damage or even total loss of seedlings. Adult small tigers are 16-23 mm long, dark brown in color, with distinctive patterns on their wings. Eggs are small, hemispherical, and marked with vertical and horizontal lines. Larvae are grayish-black with variously sized bumps on their bodies. They are highly active and can even cannibalize each other. Small tigers prefer warm and humid conditions, with optimal development temperatures between 13-25°C. They thrive in loose, well-structured soil with good water retention. Control methods include black light traps, sweet and sour liquid traps, and manual collection of larvae. Chemical sprays such as 21% Cyanmar, 2.5% deltamethrin, and 90% trichlorfon are also effective during the early larval stages.
Second, the tobacco caterpillar. The larvae feed on buds, fruits, leaves, and stems, causing rot and fruit drop, which significantly reduces yield. In severe cases, more than 30% of the pods may be lost. Adults are yellow with distinct wing patterns. They lay eggs on young shoots, and the life cycle includes multiple generations per year. Control measures include trapping adults using light and sweet solutions, removing damaged fruits, and applying insecticides like 90% trichlorfon and 25% cyhalothrin at appropriate times.
Third, aphids. These tiny insects feed on plant sap and transmit viruses. Winged females are black-headed with green bodies, while wingless females vary in color. Aphids reproduce rapidly in warm environments, making early detection and control crucial. Spraying with 40% fenvalerate or 40% dimethoate is recommended before populations explode.
Fourth, red spider mites. They feed on the underside of leaves, causing discoloration, defoliation, and stunted growth. Red spiders thrive in hot, dry conditions. Control involves spraying at an early stage with products like 73% Creutine EC and 20% Synergist.
Fifth, tea yellow mites. These pests damage the back of pepper leaves, leading to curled edges, yellowing stems, and poor fruit development. They reproduce quickly in warm, humid climates. Preventive spraying with 57% Kotel EC and 48% Loester EC is advised.
Sixth, thrips. They feed on buds and young leaves, affecting plant growth and flower development. Thrips have multiple generations per year and are most active in warm, moist conditions. Chemical treatments such as 25% quizal EC and 5% acephamide EC are effective in controlling their population.
In summary, managing pepper crops requires a combination of monitoring, early intervention, and targeted pest control strategies. By understanding the habits and life cycles of these pests, farmers can implement more effective and sustainable management practices to protect their crops and ensure higher yields.