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Hybrid and breeding of abalone
As living standards continue to rise, abalone has become a prized delicacy on banquet tables, celebrated as a valuable sea treasure. Its tender and flavorful flesh is not only delicious but also highly nutritious. Additionally, the shell of abalone, known in traditional Chinese medicine as "Shijueming," possesses properties that nourish yin, strengthen yang, and calm the liver. It is a rare yet commonly used herbal remedy. Despite being often mistaken for a fish, abalone is actually a high-value shellfish. Since the 1970s, China has successfully developed artificial breeding and aquaculture techniques for abalone, bringing significant economic benefits to farmers.
However, with the large-scale production of seedlings, many farmers tend to use the same source for broodstock, leading to genetic limitations. Some even reuse the same batch of offspring as parent stock, which can cause inbreeding over time. This results in weakened germplasm, reduced growth rates, poor health, and lower yields due to inbreeding depression. To address these issues, technicians have focused on hybridization and selective breeding to improve genetic quality and boost productivity.
First, selecting the right species for hybridization is crucial. The quality of eggs and seedlings directly affects the overall quality of abalone, so careful selection is essential. Seedlings should be chosen from the third or fourth instar stage—those with full bodies, strong vitality, and no damage. It's best to source them from different coastal areas to avoid inbreeding. Hybrid combinations, such as female Haliotis discus hannai with male Haliotis gigantea, or red abalone (female) with Japanese abalone (male), can significantly increase fertilization rates. These hybrids exhibit faster growth, broader temperature adaptability, and superior genetic traits, making them ideal for improving abalone stocks.
Next, artificially inducing spawning is an important step. For species used in breeding, abalone are exposed to ultraviolet light at a dose of 200–300 mW/L for 4–5 hours, followed by dryness stimulation for 30–60 minutes and a temperature change of about 3°C. This method effectively promotes ovulation with an efficiency rate exceeding 80%.
Artificial insemination follows. Once sperm and eggs are released, they must be mixed quickly. At water temperatures between 22.7°C and 26.2°C, insemination should be completed within one hour, achieving a fertilization rate of over 96%. Egg density should be between 20–100 per milliliter, and sperm density between 10â´â€“100×10â´ per milliliter. After insemination, eggs should be washed using the dumping or siphon method, repeated around ten times.
Fertilized eggs then enter the hatching phase. They should be kept in water at 8°C–20°C, with continuous aeration and proper culture conditions.
During the planktonic larval stage, careful monitoring is required. Offspring from crossbreeding may show genetic variability, so it’s necessary to selectively breed to develop stable traits. Farmers must observe closely and remove individuals with undesirable characteristics.
The results of this improved breeding process show a hatching rate above 70%, a 2–3 fold increase compared to traditional methods, and a reduction in labor by over 90%. This marks a major breakthrough in abalone cultivation.
So far, we have successfully completed the entire process from breeding to larval development, laying a solid foundation for future seed production. Through hybridization, selective breeding, and directed cultivation, individuals with stable and superior genetic traits can be developed. These abalones grow faster, resist disease better, and produce higher yields, ultimately increasing production efficiency. This technique is advanced, practical, and has proven effective, placing it at the forefront of similar technologies worldwide. It holds great potential for widespread application and further development.
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