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Haiyan Shrimp Pond High-yielding Aquaculture Technology
In order to maximize the utilization of shrimp pond resources, promote high-yield aquaculture techniques for sea otters, and enhance the overall efficiency and economic returns of shrimp farming, this study was conducted in the five-year-old shrimp ponds of Donggang District. Researchers have developed and refined high-yield aquaculture methods for sea otters and shrimp larvae. The key technical points for successful breeding have been systematically summarized, providing practical guidance for local farmers.
**I. Selection of Sea Otter Breeding Ponds**
1. **Water Source and Quality**: Aquaculture ponds should be located near seawater sources with convenient drainage. It is ideal to use ponds that can naturally benefit from tidal inflow and outflow. Freshwater sources are also necessary to adjust salinity levels as needed.
2. **Pond Area and Depth**: For sea otter breeding, an optimal pond size is about 100 mu (approximately 6.7 hectares), though larger ponds of around 1,000 mu (about 67 hectares) are even more suitable. The depth should be between 2 to 3 meters to provide a stable environment for the sea otters.
**II. Water Conditions for Sea Otter Cultivation**
The suitable salinity range for sea otters is 13–32 parts per thousand, with an optimal level between 19–28. Salinity must be adjusted promptly if it falls outside this range. The pH should remain between 7.8 and 8.9, while the water temperature should be maintained between 18°C and 28°C, ideally 22°C to 26°C. Temperatures above 32°C should be avoided, and cooling measures may be necessary if required.
**III. Seedling Release, Density, and High-Yield Techniques**
1. **Seedling Size and Quality**: Seedlings measuring 2–3 cm in length are recommended. Strong, healthy seedlings improve survival rates, which typically range from 30% to 50%, depending on farming conditions.
2. **Stocking Density**: A stocking density of 100–300 individuals per mu is generally advised. Ponds should be equipped with good drainage systems, with a water depth of 2–3 meters. In favorable conditions, up to 500 individuals per mu can be stocked.
3. **Transportation of Seedlings**: Seedlings should be transported in oxygenated plastic bags with shading. For long-distance transport or in high-temperature conditions, additional measures such as ice packs should be used to maintain their viability.
4. **Multi-Harvest Techniques**:
- One-time planting followed by multiple harvests.
- Two-stage planting: First planting at an early stage, harvesting after 40–60 days, then a second planting and final harvest in autumn.
- Multiple seedling releases: Early planting in spring, followed by sequential plantings in mid-May to mid-July and mid-July, with harvesting in late September.
5. **Polyculture Systems**:
- Sea otters and shrimp polyculture: Shrimp density can range from 1,000 to 3,000 per mu.
- Sea otters and shellfish polyculture: Can be combined with mussels, clams, and other bivalves. The number of shellfish seedlings depends on pond quality and environmental conditions.
- Sea otters, shrimp, shellfish, and fish: Oysters and other species should be raised to a certain size before release to avoid predation and ensure higher survival rates.
6. **Netting for Protection**: Retaining nets should be installed around shallow areas and pond edges to prevent escape and increase survival rates. The net height should be sufficient to prevent flooding, with a mesh size of 20 mesh and a bottom edge left in the drain at 20–30 cm depth.
**IV. Breeding Management**
1. **Water Inflow and Drainage**: Before stocking, fill the pond to about 60% capacity. After stocking, regularly add new water based on water quality to ensure adequate food supply and dissolved oxygen.
2. **Feeding Practices**: Sea otters primarily feed on small plankton, including copepods, Artemia, rotifers, and shellfish larvae. In polyculture systems, natural water exchange often provides sufficient food. Additional feeding may be required in high-density farms.
3. **Manure Application**: Apply fermented manure water to increase the population of planktonic organisms. Adjust feeding based on the growth stages of sea otters and other species.
4. **Daily Monitoring**: Inspect the ponds twice daily to monitor water quality and observe the behavior and health of the sea otters. Prompt action should be taken if any issues arise.
5. **Water Quality Control**: Regularly test water parameters, especially during heavy rainfall or when near freshwater sources. Sudden changes in salinity can negatively impact sea otter survival. Timely adjustments are essential to maintain optimal conditions.
**V. Timely Harvesting**
Sea otters grow quickly, and under good conditions, they can reach commercial size within 40–60 days. When their weight reaches 8–10 kg, they should be harvested immediately to ensure maximum yield and market value.
**VI. Disease Prevention and Control**
Currently, there are no major diseases reported in sea otter farming. However, since many farms practice polyculture—especially with shrimp, crabs, and pufferfish—careful disease management is crucial. Avoid using drugs that could harm the sea otters or disrupt the ecological balance of the pond.