When is the best time for cabbage to grow? How to cultivate cabbage? How to fertilize cabbage? Farmers who want to grow cabbage can watch it. Huinong.com will bring you all the Raiders, including how to get rid of pests. There are problems like fertilization. Cultivation and management of Chinese cabbage growth period Germination period From sowing to basal leaves, 6 to 7 days. Germination During this period, seed fullness and weather have a great influence on seed germination and seedling growth. Watering in time, keep Qi Miao. Management points There are 2 kinds of live seeding and seedling transplanting, which are generally determined according to the harvest of the previous crops. The former crops are harvested early, and the land can be planted in time, and can be broadcast live; otherwise, the method of seedling transplanting is adopted. Either way, keep the surface moist during the seedling stage. When watering, the ridge surface must be soaked. 2. Seedling stage At the end of the germination period, the formation of the first ring leaves, 7 to 8 days, is also called the group period. Seedling stage 8~10 leaves of seedlings, the main root and the lateral root grow at the same time, but the climate is often changeable. It is necessary to strengthen the field management, prevent the spread of pests and diseases, and strive to achieve Miaoqi, Miaoquan and Miaozhuang. Management points 3~4 leaf stage to carry out seedlings, go out and live, too dense, crowded, sick, insect, weak, residual seedlings; 5 to 6 leaves when the seedlings, spacing 10 cm. In the high temperature and dry years, the seedlings are properly late, so that the seedlings are dense, cover the ground, reduce the ground temperature, and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Overly dense seedlings can be transplanted in the lack of seedlings, and the seedlings should be planted in the afternoon. After each seedling and seedlings, water should be watered immediately to prevent the roots from shaking and wilting. At this time, in the late rainy season, rainy, high temperature and drought occur frequently, the seedlings grow fast, and the root system is small, so it is necessary to timely watering and topdressing. When the seedlings encounter heavy rain, they should be drained in time, the soil should be slightly dry, and the ploughing and loosening soil should be grasped. The aphid in cabbage seedlings is serious and causes the prevalence of viral diseases. The gauze should be used to block the mites and sprayed in time. 3. Rose period From the seedling stage to the leaves of the second and third rings of the mid-leaf leaves, the leaves of the plants overlap like a rosette, which takes 20 to 22 days. Rosette Management points (1) timely seedling, reasonable close planting When the plants are 3~5 leaves, the seedlings are fixed, the plant spacing is 35~45 cm, and the seedlings are 2200~2700 per acre. The plant spacing of the early-maturing and plant-type varieties is large, and the planting period is late, and the plant spacing is large. (2) Control watering and carry out seedlings In order to make the seedlings grow strong and prevent the upper part of the ground from growing up, it is necessary to control the irrigation in the later stage of the rosette to carry out the seedlings. Generally, there is little rain and drought, and it is planted in sandy soil or slow seedlings, and early maturing varieties are not seedlings. After the end of the seedlings, it is necessary to timely fill the water and topdress, check the insects frequently, and timely control the cabbage caterpillars, cabbage moths, and mantles, and eliminate the pests before the 3rd instar. 4. Balling period From the beginning of the package to the whole leaf ball, the mid- and late-maturing varieties are about 45 days, and the early-maturing varieties are about 30 days. Balling period The growth of cabbage in this period has an important impact on its yield and quality, and it is necessary to strengthen water and fertilizer management. 5. Harvest period Generally, it is necessary to harvest cabbage in the winter, and it is necessary to harvest in time according to the weather and market conditions. Management points In the late growth period of Chinese cabbage, the weather is changeable and the temperature is lowered. In order to prevent frost, it should be bundled in time. Generally, 10 to 15 days before harvest, stop watering, lift the rosette, hold the leaf ball, and then bundle the leaves with soaked sweet potato or corn grass. Make the core more firm and continue to grow. In the 2~3 days before the snowfall, it should be harvested in time and dried in the field. When the outer leaves are wilting, they can be stored. Major disease identification and solutions Viral disease Identification point From the seedling stage to the adult stage, systemic diseases and whole plants are affected. Diseased plants often have symptoms such as mosaic, deformity and necrotic spots. Solution (1) (1) Choose disease resistant varieties Due to the selection of disease-resistant varieties in the region: Zheng Zao 60, Zheng Zao 55, Xin Zao 58, Degao 16, Jinlu 55, etc. (2) Strengthening cultivation management Reasonable room, set, rotation; deep ridges, apply enough base fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; timely sowing, avoid high temperature and aphid activity peak; find out timely removal of diseased seedlings; Sex. (3) Treatment of cockroaches a. Plastic film mesh seedlings; b. Hanging white polyethylene plastic bags; c. Plants in the Tibetan areas, to completely eliminate cockroaches, before the cultivation of autumn cabbage, also to eliminate adjacent locusts and weeds on weeds, avoiding wings The move to spread. Solution (2) In the early stage of the disease, virus A, anti-toxic agent No. 1 water agent, virus net, virus nemesis, bacteria poison clear, virus Ning, plant disease, 83 anti-agent spray with water; At the same time, add biphenyl acetamiprid, nitenpyram + thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, etc., control aphids, spray once every 5 to 7 days, 2 or 3 times in a row, pay attention to the rotation of the drug . Chinese cabbage soft rot and sclerotinia Identification point From the seedling stage to the adult stage, the disease begins to occur from the heart of the heart, and the whole plant suffers. Stained white bacteria pus, the internal tissue except the vascular bundle all rotted, showing a sticky, soft, rot-like, and stench. Soft rot solution (1) Timely prevention and control of underground (ground) pests and reduction of insect wounds; timely discovery of diseased plants and excavation of diseased plants. (2) Chemical control Seed disinfection: Seed dressing with 2% of the seed amount of 1% Nongkang 751 powder. Spraying plants: quinostrobin, copper hydroxide, succinic acid copper, collateral copper, neomycin, spring leimycin, copper sputum, king copper, daisen zinc, etc. At the base of the plant and the surface, the liquid is best penetrated into the cabbage. Distinguish from sclerotinia At the beginning of the sclerotinia sclerotiorum, water-stained, light brown lesions appeared, and the site of the disease was white or grayish white cotton-like mold layer, and the black mouse fecal sclerotia was scattered later. Sclerotinia disease solution (1) Before sowing, select with 10% saline or 10%~20% ammonium sulfate, rinse with water and seed. (2) Chemical control Recommended agents: ammonium chloride, procymidone, multi-sulfur suspension, thiophanate-methyl, sclerotium net, iprodione, spray once every 10 days, for 2 to 3 times. Cabbage downy mildew and bacterial angular leaf spot Identification point Polygonal lesions appear on the front of the leaf, and the lesions die in the later stage; when the humidity is high, the surface of the diseased part has a lush white frosty mildew layer. Downy mildew solution (1) Seed disinfection, seed dressing with metalaxyl, Fushuangmei, etc. before sowing; (2) Pharmacy prevention and treatment, timely spraying in the early stage of the disease, such as anti-virus cockroach, arsenic, manganese, zinc, dystrophic manganese, zinc, chlorfenapyr hydrochloride, etc., also selected from flufenicol amide + dimethomorph, clove Bacterial ester + dimethomorph. Distinguish from bacterial angular spots In the early stage of bacterial keratosis, there are water-soaked depression spots on the back of the leaf, which are restricted by veins. The leaves are gray oil-immersed. When the humidity is high, the white back pours on the back of the leaves. When dry, it is brittle or perforated. Bacterial corner spot solution (1) Select disease-free seeds and establish disease-free seeding fields. Otherwise, the seeds should be disinfected. They can be soaked in cold water at 50 °C for 15 minutes, then immediately transferred to cold water, and then the seeds are dried and then sown. (2) In the early stage of the disease, sprays of copper frost, copper hydroxide, copper sulphate and ethylphosphorus aluminum can be used. The above-mentioned agents are all copper preparations. Some Chinese cabbage varieties are sensitive to copper. In order to prevent the occurrence of phytotoxicity, it should be used with caution. The concentration is tested first to see if there is any phytotoxicity. If there is no phytotoxicity, it can be applied in a large area. Safer pharmacy: agricultural streptomycin (not used in agricultural thiostrepton), nascentin, spray once every 7 days, even spray 3~4 times. Cabbage black rot Identification point The leaf spot is "V" shaped, the marrow is hollow and black dry rot; when the humidity is high, the diseased part produces yellow-brown pus or oily wet rot. solution (1) It is necessary to focus on agricultural control, use disease-free seeds, disinfect with agricultural streptomycin, dexamethasone, thiram, bleaching powder, etc., supplemented by comprehensive drug control. (2) Recommended agents: neomycin, chloramphenicol, lysine copper, etc., or nail cream, carbendazim + sputum copper. Chinese cabbage black spot Identification point Leaf lesions are taupe or dark brown, round or elliptical with distinct concentric patterns. solution (1) Select resistant varieties, supplemented by chemical control. (2) Seed treatment, soaking seeds in warm water at 50 °C for 20~25 minutes, cooling and drying; or seeding with thiram and iprodione. (3) Chemical control: iprodione, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, etc., plus calcium fertilizer and boron fertilizer. Cabbage anthracnose and white spot disease Identification point The lesions are round or elliptical, with depressions, deep edges, white to grayish white at the center, and red bricks when the humidity is high. solution (1) Before sowing, soak in hot water at 50 °C for 10 minutes, cool and dry to sow; (2) Chemical control: multi-sulfur suspension, methyl thiophanate, anthrax fumei, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, benzoyl azoxystrobin and the like. The difference between white spot and white spot In the later stage of leukoplakia, round or nearly round gray or white lesions are formed, and there are 1~2 wheel patterns on the surface of the lesion; when the humidity is high, the sparse gray mold layer is formed on the back of the lesion, and the lesion is easy to rupture and perforate in the later stage. . White spot disease solution (1) Seed disinfection: chlorothalonil, thiram, iprodione and the like. (2) Chemical control: carbendazim, polysulfur suspension, carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, benomyl, ethylphosphorus, difenoconazole + methylthioglycol. Chinese cabbage root disease and root knot nematode Identification point The root forms a tumor, and the aerial part begins to appear from the base leaf, and is easily infected by other pathogens to cause decay and stink. Root disease solution (1) Implement quarantine, block the affected area, and prevent the transfer of vegetables from the ward; (2) Before sowing, apply the medicinal acupoints such as pentachloronitrobenzene, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, and dixon to the soil. After planting, the roots can be filled with the above-mentioned agents, and the lime emulsion can also be used for watering. Distinguish from root knot nematode The root tissue of the clubroot enlarges into a colon shape; The root knot nematode disease forms a rosary on the fine root, and the white root nematode is cut at the root. Root knot nematode solution (1) Soil treatment of the chemical, 7 to 20 days before sowing, the use must be quickly extinguished, the ditch is applied in the soil layer of 20 cm, and the plastic film is closed or covered with water after application, and after 5 to 7 days, the soil is loosened, then Reseeding Seedbeds and planting wells can also be controlled by avermectin. (2) Chemical control, rooting with avermectin, fluopyram, thiazolyl, etc. Cabbage white rust Identification point White erythema is produced on the back of the leaf, and the white rust powder is scattered in the later epidermis, and the front of the leaf is yellow-green irregular spot; The seedlings were damaged, the peduncle and flower organs were deformed and curved, slightly hypertrophied, and milky white spots appeared on the fleshy stems. Chemical control Early onset: metalaxyl, nail cream copper, metalaxyl, manganese zinc, chlorfenapyr + azoxystrobin. summary The year in which the disease often occurs, the corresponding resistant variety should be selected; Strengthen cultivation management and improve crop resistance; When carrying out farming operations, be very careful to avoid damage to cabbage and reduce bacterial infection. Major pests and solutions The main pests on cabbage are: diamondback moth, cabbage caterpillar, beet armyworm, Spodoptera litura, small tiger, silver beetle, cabbage moth, rapeseed, rapeseed, yellow stripe, small leafhopper, vegetable , snails, rapeseed watermelons, cockroaches, etc. Among them, Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae, Beet armyworm and Spodoptera litura have been introduced in the [Blue worm family, can not tell?], here will not repeat, pay attention to pesticides disabled on vegetables. Small tiger Harmful feature The newly hatched larvae feed on the heart leaves, and after 3 years of age, they are hidden in the soil surface, which is harmful at night, and the cabbage seedlings are bitten off from the base of the stem. Morphological characteristics The larvae are dark brown, the skin is rough, and the body surface is covered with particles of varying sizes. The hips are tan and have two dark brown longitudinal bands. Control method Different application methods are applied to larvae of different ages. (1) Larva 3 years old Spray, dusting or toxic soil for control, commonly used agents are: Bacillus thuringiensis, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and so on. (2) After 3 years of age There are broken seedlings in the field, which can be trapped by poison baits or poisonous grasses. Commonly used agents are: deltamethrin, thiazide, high chlorofluoride, etc., sprayed on crushed cottonseed cake, bean cake or wheat bran after adding water, in the evening in the affected crop field Sprinkle a small pile at regular intervals or around the crop's rhizosphere. Spodoptera litura and Cabbage The same characteristics The newly hatched larvae feed on the back of the leaves, leaving only the epidermis, and the older larvae cause nicks or holes, and discharge the feces to contaminate the cabbage. Morphological characteristics The body color is changeable, light green to dark brown, yellow-brown head, short black lines on both sides of the back of each body section, arranged in inverted "eight". Light green, thin head, black spots at both ends, arched back when walking, white vertical line on the back of the body, white vertical lines on the body side. Control method (1) before 3 years old Spraying Bacillus thuringiensis, pyrethroid, chlorbenzuron, imidacloprid, and chlorfluazuron, once every 20 days, prevention and treatment 1 or 2 times. (2) older larvae Indoxacarb + a vitamin salt, or avidetinamide. Dish Harmful feature Drilling pests, which are harmful to the heart and leaves of cabbage seedlings, and silky-bonded leaves, drilled into the stem and roots after age, and can spread soft rot. Morphological characteristics The head is black, the chest and abdomen are light yellow-green, with 5 light brown longitudinal stripes and hairy tumors on the body. Control method The rapeseed meal is mainly harmful in the seedling stage. It is effective to spray the medicine into the cabbage heart. Generally, from August to September, after the cabbage is emerged, the medicine is sprayed every 5~7 days until 7 to 8 true leaves are grown. Recommended agents: Bacillus thuringiensis, fipronil, indoxacarb + a vitamin salt. Dish Harmful feature Cheng, Ruoqiang clustered on the leaves, sucking the back juice of cabbage, losing water, deformed young leaves, short plants, and also spread viral diseases. Morphological characteristics Control method (1) Seed dressing: seed dressing with chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid. (2) Protect natural enemies such as ladybugs, grasshoppers, scorpion flies and scorpions, among which chlorpyrifos has special effects on mites and can protect these natural enemies. (3) Spraying with deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, biphenyl acetamiprid, nitenpyram + thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid or the like. Yellow stripe Harmful feature Both adults and larvae can be harmed; (1) Adult Often clustered in the back of the leaf to feed, the damaged leaves are covered with fine pores, so that the leaves withered. In the seedling stage, the most serious damage, often caused the lack of seedlings and ridges, and even the destruction of the whole field. (2) larvae The roots of the food are eaten, the root epidermis is peeled off, and the strips of insects or dark spots are formed; the roots can also be bitten, so that the leaves are yellowed and wilted from the outside to the inside; the cabbage soft rot can be transmitted. Generally, it occurs seriously in spring and autumn, and autumn is heavier than spring. The vegetable field with high humidity is the most serious. Morphological characteristics (1) Adult It has a body length of 1.8 to 2.4 mm and is black and shiny. There are many engravings on the back and they are arranged in a row. There is a yellow medium-width arcuate longitudinal stripe in the center of each sheath wing. The ends of the pattern are curved inward, the outer side is concave, and the hind leg is swollen. (2) larvae Near-cylindrical, slightly thinner at the tail, light brown in the head, yellow-white on the chest and abdomen, and a nipple-like protrusion on the ventral surface of the tail. Control method Before planting, we must pay attention to the prevention and control of adult larvae. Recommended agents: biphenyl, acetamiprid, nitenpyram and thiamethoxam. Small beetle Harmful feature The adults and larvae are in a hazard, and the feeding leaves are nicks or holes. In severe cases, the leaves are eaten into a net shape, leaving only the veins, resulting in reduced yield. Morphological characteristics 3.4 mm in length and 2.1 to 2.8 mm in width, oval in shape, blue on the back, greenish luster, black on the ventral surface; The head is small, deeply embedded in the front chest, and the antennae extend backwards to the tail; The coleoptera engraved points are arranged regularly, each line is 8 rows and a half, and there is one line on the outer side of the shoulder tumor which is quite sparse. The hind wing is degraded and cannot fly. Similar to the big beetle Eucalyptus leaf: body length 4.7 ~ 5.2 mm, developed hind wings, can fly. Control method Recommended agents: deltamethrin, rotenone, biphenyl acetamiprid, nitenpyram + thiamethoxam, hydrazine + acetamiprid, spray control. Yellow-striped beetle and small beetle must pay attention to adult control. Before wintering, pile grass in the field, induce insects and eliminate. Dish Harmful feature Adults and nymphs are dangerous to cluster, sucking plant juices, leaving yellowish white to slightly black spots, affecting the growth of vegetables, and spreading soft rot. Morphological characteristics Control method Cyfluthrin, octyl cyanate, synergistic cyanide, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, biphenyl acetamiprid, nitenpyram + thiamethoxam, spray control. snails Harmful feature After the rain, the stems, leaves and seedlings of cabbage were eaten, and in severe cases, the seedlings were broken. Morphological characteristics Control method (1) trapping and killing Use the leaves, weeds, and leaves to make a trap in the field, catch it before dawn; (2) Chemical control Extinguishing snails, polyacetaldehyde, and snails. Rapeseed watermelon Harmful feature It is harmful to cabbage seedlings and tender roots, resulting in lack of seedlings. Cabbage Fertilization Management Technology Cabbage is a favorite fertilizer crop and has a large demand for NPK. According to the measurement, in the case of 5000 kg per mu, the absorption of nitrogen (N) 11 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 4.7 kg, potassium (K20) 12.5 kg, the absorption ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is roughly 1:0.4: 1.1. The characteristics of cabbage required for the whole growing season are: 10% of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption in seedling stage; 30% in rosette stage; and 60% in nutrient stage. During the germination period to the rosette stage, nitrogen absorption was the highest, potassium was the second, phosphorus was the least; during the ball-forming period, potassium was most absorbed, nitrogen was the second, and phosphorus was the least. 1. Apply enough base fertilizer Generally, the high-quality farmyard manure is 3000~5000kg, and the pure sulfur-based (17-17-17) compound fertilizer is 40~60kg per acre. 2. Lifting seedlings Before the autumn to Bailu, after the leaves grow, the main root is about 10CM. After the first seedling, the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied 5~8 kg to promote the growth of the seedlings. 3. During the rose period, chasing the "fertilizer" When the cabbage is 5~8 leaves, it enters the rosette period, about 18~20 days (after the white dew to the autumn equinox). When entering the sapling stage, early application of high-nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, to meet the nutritional needs of cabbage in the rosette period; In the late period of the rosette, there is a long-term phenomenon, and it is necessary to "small seedlings" to prevent delayed ball formation. 4. Apply the ball fertilizer The ball-forming period is the period in which the economic yield of cabbage is formed, and the amount of growth is large. It can be used for one-time fertilization in the early stage of the ball, or it can be divided into two stages in the early stage and the middle stage. In the early stage (after the autumnal equinox), 30-35 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per acre is used; in the medium term (before frost), 15 to 20 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied per acre, and it can also be applied with water in the later stage. Avoid applying nitrogen fertilizer 20 days before harvest to prevent nitrate accumulation. 5. Pay attention to spraying foliar fertilizer Cabbage is like calcium, and calcium deficiency causes heartburn. During the growth period, 0.3%~0.5% calcium chloride or calcium nitrate is sprayed once every 7 days for 2~3 times. At the same time, combined with pest control, spraying 0.5% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution at the beginning of the ball can improve the vegetable yield and commodity value of the cabbage. The above introduces the prevention and control methods of several kinds of insects that often endanger cabbage and how to fertilize cabbage. 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