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A tilapia breeding technique
The breeding of *A. tilapia* does not require artificial spawning stimulants or water stimulation. As long as the water temperature remains stable above 18°C, mature male and female broodstock can be placed in the same breeding pond. Once the water temperature reaches 22°C, they will naturally spawn and produce fry. When the water temperature is between 25–30°C, hybridization can occur every 30–50 days.
**Preparation of Broodstock Breeding Ponds**
1. **Selection of Breeding Ponds**
The quality of the breeding pond significantly affects the spawning success, hatching rate, and survival of fry. When selecting a pond, consider the following:
- **Location**: Choose a site with good water quality, sufficient water supply, easy access for water intake and drainage, and a quiet environment. Avoid areas with tall trees or buildings nearby.
- **Size and Depth**: A typical breeding pond should be 0.5–2 mu in size. When first stocking, fill it to a depth of 1–1.5 meters. During crossbreeding, reduce the depth to 0.8–1 meter.
- **Shape and Soil Type**: Rectangular ponds oriented east-west are ideal. Include shallow areas where fish can dig nests. Use loamy or sandy loam soil, with a flat bottom and no aquatic plants.
2. **Pond Preparation**
Before introducing broodstock, the pond must be cleaned and disinfected to create a healthy environment. In winter or early spring, drain the pond, remove excess silt, level the bottom, repair leaks, and eliminate weeds. Then, conduct a second cleaning 10–15 days before stocking. Common disinfectants include quicklime and bleaching powder. Quicklime is preferred as it also acts as a fertilizer.
To apply lime: leave 5–10 cm of water in the pond, then add 60–75 kg of quicklime per acre. Mix the lime into slurry and spread it evenly across the pond. For bleaching powder, dissolve it in water and spray immediately for similar results.
3. **Base Fertilization**
After cleaning, fill the pond with 1–1.5 meters of fresh water, using a fine mesh filter to prevent unwanted organisms from entering. Apply base fertilizers such as manure (pig, cow, human waste) or green manure to promote natural food growth. Apply 500–600 kg of manure or 400–500 kg of green manure per mu. Manure should be fermented and diluted before use; green manure should be piled in shallow water to decompose.
**Broodstock Rearing**
1. **Selection of Broodstock**
Select high-quality broodstock for crossbreeding to ensure strong heterosis. Two selections are typically made annually—once before overwintering and again when moving to breeding ponds.
- Choose purebred individuals based on physical characteristics. Nile tilapia has yellow-brown coloration with nine vertical black stripes, dark dorsal and caudal fins, and gray pelvic and anal fins. Oreochromis auratus has blue-violet coloration, red-tipped dorsal and caudal fins, and yellowish spots on the tail fin.
- Ensure the fish have a good body shape, clear markings, and no deformities or diseases.
- Prefer females weighing at least 150 g (ideally 250–500 g) and males that are robust and disease-free.
- Maintain broodstock at low temperatures during winter to avoid degradation and ensure better offspring development.
2. **Sex Differentiation**
Male and female tilapia can be distinguished by their reproductive openings. Female fish have three openings: anus, gonopore, and urinary pore. Males have only two: anus and urogenital opening. During breeding season, males may show a drooping genital papilla and release white seminal fluid.
3. **Stocking Time**
Stocking time depends on local climate. Once the water temperature stabilizes above 18°C, broodstock can be introduced. In the Yangtze River region, this is usually late April to early May. In Guangdong and Fujian, mid-March to late March is common. Northern regions typically stock in mid-May. Choose clear, calm weather for stocking to ensure uniform spawning.
4. **Male-Female Ratio**
The recommended ratio is 3:1 or 4:1, favoring more females than males to maximize spawning success.
5. **Stocking Density**
Stocking density is calculated based on female fish. For 250–500 g females, aim for 600–750 per acre. At a 3:1 ratio, males can be stocked at 200–250 per acre. Smaller broodstock (150–200 g) can be stocked at 1000 per acre.
**Broodstock Spawning**
After winter, broodstock may need extra care to improve gonadal development. Regular feeding and fertilization help promote egg production. Fertilize with fermented manure or green manure every 5–6 days, adjusting amounts based on water clarity and fish activity. Feed twice daily with a mix of soybean cake, vegetable meal, rice bran, and corn flour. Adjust feed quantity according to fish consumption.
**Spawning Timing**
When water temperature rises above 22°C, spawning begins. Observe the behavior of the fish closely. Males often dig nests in shallow water, creating circular depressions. They attract females, who then lay eggs, which are immediately fertilized. Within 15 days at 25°C, small fry can be seen swimming near the surface.
**Fry Collection**
Collect fry in the morning or early evening. Use nets or small trawls to gently gather them without disturbing the water. Fry should be removed every 10–15 days to prevent cannibalism. Count fry using a sampling method, estimating total numbers based on cup counts. Transfer fry to separate breeding pools for further growth.