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Melon pollution-free cultivation techniques
As a popular summer vegetable, melon is one of the key crops exported from our town. With a cultivated area of 100 hectares, it produces over 4,500 tons annually, generating a value exceeding RMB 1.5 million. The produce is mainly distributed to cities in southern Fujian, such as Xiamen, Zhangzhou, and Quanzhou, as well as coastal areas of Guangdong. In 2004, nearly 1,000 mu of wax gourd production in Longxiang Village was certified as a pollution-free agricultural product site, with the products also receiving the same certification. The following are the detailed cultivation techniques used in the region:
1. **Variety Selection**
High-quality, high-yield, and disease-resistant varieties are selected to suit local consumption habits. The main varieties grown in Longxiang include Fujian Huada Qingdong, Guangdong Black Melon, and Hunan Melon.
2. **Cultivation Season**
Melons thrive in warm conditions, and proper climatic conditions during flowering significantly affect fruit setting. To ensure high yields, planting should occur when temperatures are moderate, humidity is sufficient, and pollinators are active. In our town, sowing typically begins in late February or early March, transplanting occurs in late March to early April, and harvesting takes place from mid-June to July.
3. **Seedling Cultivation Using Plastic Nutrient Pots**
Seedlings are raised in plastic pots filled with nutrient-rich soil. This method ensures strong, healthy seedlings before transplanting.
- **Seedbed Selection**: Choose sunny, sheltered plots with good water access. Avoid using old melon soil. Spray 40% phoxim at 1,500 times dilution to prevent underground pests.
- **Nutrient Soil Preparation**: Mix fertile rice soil or fire soil with decomposed manure and rice ash (7:3 ratio). Add calcium magnesium phosphate or calcium and carbendazim for disease prevention. Let the mixture sit for 5–10 days before filling into plastic pots.
- **Seed Treatment**: Soak seeds in 50–55°C water for 10 minutes, then soak in room temperature water for 12–24 hours. Germinate in a warm environment (25–30°C) until 70% of seeds sprout.
- **Sowing Method**: Water the nutrient soil the day before planting. Place one seed per pot, cover lightly with soil, and cover with a thin film to maintain moisture. No watering is needed for the first 5 days to avoid seed coat sticking.
- **Seedling Care**: Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Ventilate after 70% of seedlings emerge. Apply diluted human urine 2–3 days before transplanting, and spray fungicides to protect against diseases.
4. **Land Preparation**
- **Field Selection**: Avoid land previously used for cucurbits to reduce soil-borne diseases. Choose deep, loose, and fertile soil with high organic content.
- **Soil Preparation**: Plow to a depth of 25–30 cm, apply lime to adjust pH, and create ridges 0.25–0.3 m high and 2.4 m wide. Plant spacing is 0.7 × 2.0 m.
- **Base Fertilizer**: Apply 1,500–2,000 kg of compost per 667 square meters, along with 30–50 kg cake fertilizer, 40–50 kg superphosphate, or 10–15 kg compound fertilizer per 667 square meters.
- **Mulching**: Cover planting mounds with black plastic to raise soil temperature and retain moisture.
- **Transplanting**: Transplant seedlings with 3–4 leaves, 25–30 days old. Treat planting holes with 40% phoxim at 1,000 times dilution. Water roots after planting and use fungicides to prevent blight.
5. **Fertilization and Irrigation Management**
- **Seedling Stage**: Keep soil moist, water every 3–5 days.
- **Post-Planting to Flowering**: Apply diluted human excrement every 7–10 days, gradually increasing concentration.
- **Fruit Setting Period**: Apply 15:15:15 compound fertilizer at 40–45 kg/667 sq.m., water regularly, and irrigate during droughts.
6. **Vine Training and Fruit Thinning**
- **Sheds**: Use flat racks 1.7–2.0 m high.
- **Vine Circulation**: Guide vines into circles to promote root development.
- **Tying Vines**: Attach vines to poles or ropes on the shelves.
- **Pruning**: Remove side shoots and tendrils to conserve nutrients.
- **Fruit Thinning**: Select 1–2 fruits per node, tie them to the scaffold to prevent falling.
7. **Pollination Assistance**
When natural pollinators are scarce due to weather, manually pollinate by transferring pollen from male to female flowers between 7–9 am.
8. **Preventing Fruit Drop**
After pollination, spray 1 mg of Duishui per kg of water or 15–20 mg/kg of 2,4-D solution on the fruit stem to improve fruit set.
9. **Pest and Disease Control**
- **Diseases**: Use 2.5% Chilo or 95% hymexazol for wilt; 10% Shigao or 15% Triadimefon for powdery mildew; 60% ank manganese zinc for bacterial and downy mildew.
- **Insects**: Spray 10% imidacloprid or 3% acetamiprid for locusts; 5% Ruijinte or BT preparation for gualou; 20% fenvalerate for Huang Shougua.
10. **Harvesting**
Harvest when the fruit surface becomes rough, develops white powder, and loses its hair. Cut the stalks 5–10 cm long to ensure quality and ease of handling.