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Melon pollution-free cultivation techniques
As a popular summer vegetable, melon is one of the key crops for export in our town. It covers an area of 100 hectares, with an annual output exceeding 4,500 tons and a value surpassing RMB 1.5 million. The produce is mainly exported to cities such as Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou in southern Fujian, and coastal areas of Guangdong. In 2004, nearly a thousand mu of wax gourd production in Longxiang Village was certified as a pollution-free agricultural product site, and the product itself received the same certification. The following are the detailed cultivation techniques used:
1. **Variety Selection**
Choosing high-quality, disease-resistant, and high-yielding varieties that match local consumption habits is crucial. The main varieties grown in Longxiang include Fujian Huada Qingdong, Guangdong Black Melon, and Hunan Melon.
2. **Cultivation Season**
Melons thrive in warm and humid conditions. To ensure good fruit setting, it's important to align flowering and fruiting periods with favorable weather. Planting usually begins in late February to early March, with transplanting between late March and early April, and harvesting from mid-June to July.
3. **Nursery Seedling Production Using Plastic Nutrient Pots**
3.1 **Seedbed Selection**
Choose a sunny, well-drained plot with easy access to water. Avoid using old melon fields. Treat the soil with 40% phoxim at 1,500 times dilution to eliminate pests.
3.2 **Nutrient Soil Preparation**
Five to ten days before sowing, mix fertile rice soil or fire soil with decomposed manure and rice ash in a 7:3 ratio. Add calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (0.25–1 kg per 50 kg soil) and carbendazim (50 g). Let the mixture rest for 5–10 days before filling into plastic pots.
3.3 **Seed Treatment**
Soak seeds in 50–55°C warm water for 10 minutes, then soak them in room temperature water for 12–24 hours. Germinate them in a warm, moist environment (25–30°C) until 70% of the seeds sprout.
3.4 **Seeding Method**
Water the nutrient soil a day before planting to loosen it. Place one seed in each pot, cover lightly with soil, and cover the bed with a thin film to maintain moisture. No watering is needed for the first five days to avoid seed coat sticking.
3.5 **Seedling Care**
Keep the soil moist but not soggy. After 70% of the seedlings emerge, gradually remove the cover for ventilation. Apply diluted human urine two to three days before transplanting, along with fungicides like zinc or chlorothalonil to protect the plants.
4. **Land Preparation**
4.1 **Field Selection**
Avoid previous cucurbit crops to prevent soil-borne diseases. Choose deep, loose, and fertile soil with high organic matter content.
4.2 **Soil Preparation**
Plow the field to a depth of 25–30 cm, add lime to adjust pH, and create ridges 0.25–0.3 m high and 2.4 m wide. Make planting holes on both sides of the ridge.
4.3 **Base Fertilizer Application**
Apply 1,500–2,000 kg of well-rotted manure, 30–50 kg of cake fertilizer, and 40–50 kg of superphosphate per 667 square meters. Mix thoroughly with the soil in the planting holes.
4.4 **Mulching**
Cover the ridges with black plastic mulch to retain heat and moisture, creating a favorable environment for young plants.
4.5 **Transplanting**
Transplant when seedlings have 3–4 leaves. Before planting, treat the holes with 40% phoxim to control pests. Water the roots after planting with a solution of 2.5% trichoderma or 45% hymexazol to prevent root rot.
5. **Fertilization and Irrigation Management**
5.1 **Seedling Stage**
Keep the soil consistently moist, watering every 3–5 days. Ensure good drainage and airflow.
5.2 **Vine Growth Stage**
Apply diluted human urine every 7–10 days, starting at 10% concentration and increasing to 30–50% as vines grow.
5.3 **Fruit Setting Stage**
Apply 15:15:15 compound fertilizer at 40–45 kg per 667 square meters, every 7–10 days. Keep the soil moist, and use drip irrigation during dry spells.
6. **Pruning and Training**
6.1 **Shed Setup**
Install flat racks at 1.7–2.0 m height to support the vines.
6.2 **Vine Circulation**
Encourage lateral growth by wrapping vines around a 1 m diameter circle.
6.3 **Support Installation**
Use bamboo poles or plastic ropes to guide the vines upward.
6.4 **Vine Pruning**
Remove side vines and tendrils to reduce competition for nutrients. Fix the main vines to the structure for even growth.
6.5 **Fruit Thinning**
Select 1–2 fruits per plant at the 30–35th node, tie the stems to the support to prevent falling.
7. **Pollination Assistance**
During adverse weather, manually pollinate by transferring pollen from male to female flowers in the morning.
8. **Preventing Fruit Drop**
After pollination, apply a fruit-setting agent (e.g., 1 mg Duishui per 1 kg) or spray 15–20 mg/kg 2,4-D on the fruit stalks.
9. **Pest and Disease Control**
9.1 **Disease Prevention**
Treat wilt disease with 2.5% Chilo or 95% hymexazol. Use Shigao or Triadimefon for powdery mildew, and Ank-manganese zinc for bacterial and downy mildew.
9.2 **Insect Control**
Use imidacloprid, acetamiprid, or Bt preparations for locusts, aphids, and caterpillars. Apply fenvalerate or dichlorvos for leafhoppers.
10. **Harvesting**
Harvest when the fruit surface becomes rough, develops white powder, and loses its hair. Cut the stalks 5–10 cm from the fruit for optimal quality.