How to Do a Good Job of Feeding and Management of Dairy Cows in Perinatal Period

Perinatal period refers to the period from 15 days before delivery to 15 days after delivery. The 15 days before delivery are the pre-perinatal period. This stage is very important for the post-natal production performance, health, and health of calves produced. The significance; 15 days after childbirth is the postpartum period. During the perinatal period, dairy cows have experienced physiological and metabolic changes such as dry milk, changes in dietary structure, changes in feeding environment, delivery, and milk production. The quality of nursing during the perinatal period will directly affect the performance of milk production throughout the lactation cycle. With the improvement of economic benefits, the cows in this period have undergone great changes in their physiology, their resistance has been reduced, and they are vulnerable to disease. Therefore, scientific feeding management must be carried out.

1 Pre-period feeding management

1.1 Perinatal period is a key link in cow production. The goal is to promote the growth of rumen micro-organisms and papillae, so that cows gradually shift from coarse-based feeding mode to high-precision diet mode to stimulate the immune system. Disease, reduce postpartum metabolic disorders. Focusing on maintaining health, we will strengthen feeding and management, pay more attention to dietary and spiritual aspects, and promptly discover and treat disease trends. We will transfer to the maternity ward on the 7th day before delivery. It is forbidden to feed root and succulent feed during dry period and perinatal period, and over-fertilization can cause dystocia, fat emulsion and metabolic diseases. Feeding methods are still reared by the method of dry milk. That is, high-quality hay is suitable for feeding with the fine material. The feeding amount of the concentrate can be fed according to the dry-milk period standard, and generally 3 to 5 kg per day. Can not cause rushing milk too quickly to prevent prenatal milk production.

1.2 Care should be taken to reduce the calcium and salt levels in the diet. Reducing the salt content can prevent the cows from rushing too much before giving birth, which is beneficial to the recovery of appetite after cows' birth: lowering the calcium content can prevent postpartum metabolic disorders and reduce the incidence of metabolic diseases. The amount of prenatal salt fed can be reduced from 75 to 100g per day to 30 to 50g, that is, from the original 1.5% to 0.5% or less. The amount of calcium can be reduced to 1/2 to 1/3. This method of feeding can transfer calcium from the bones of dairy cows to the blood, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of postpartum paralysis in dairy cows. Within 2 to 3 days before the cow's onset of labor, care should be taken to increase some easily digestible, bran-reducing bran to prevent cows from developing constipation. The specific method can add 30-50kg of bran to each 100kg of concentrate to feed the cow. Do not feed your cows too much, so that cows suffer from ketouria just a few days after giving birth.

1.3 The type of diet in the pre-period perinatal period is adjusted to be consistent with that in the late perinatal period. The crude protein level in the diet should be adjusted to 12% to 15%. Increasing the protein content of the perinatal diet can increase the protein yield and percentage. Reduce the incidence of ketosis and retention of placenta. In order to prevent postpartum hypocalcemia, and to reduce the series of metabolic disorders caused by this, such as eating dry matter, reduced body mass, placental retention, milk fever, stomach shift, ketone disease. Nowadays, the most widely used and relatively simple and effective method is to add anionic salts to reduce the pH of dairy cows' urine to a range of 6 to 6.5 for best results (anionic salts include ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, Calcium sulfate, etc.).

1.4 In order to prevent the occurrence of milking in dairy cows, the feeding of diets containing 0.35% to 0.40% magnesium in the early perinatal period can prevent the reduction of postpartum magnesium levels. In order to prevent miscarriage and dystocia, the quality and freshness of the feed should be guaranteed, and absolutely no provision can be made for frozen, spoiled forage feeds.

2 Feeding management in the post-perinatal period

2.1 The main objectives of feeding and management of dairy cows in the post-perinatal period are to overcome the decrease in dry matter intake (DMl) and negative energy balance as much as possible, adjust and observe the cows in a timely manner, restore the body as soon as possible, reduce the occurrence of metabolic diseases, and ensure that they can be transferred Cows in high-yielding herds are in good health. The labor of the cow is very heavy and the postpartum constitution is weak. The feeding principle is to promote the recovery of the body. Cows should be given bran water at the same body temperature for 0.5 to 1 hour postpartum, ie 2kg of bran plus 20kg of warm water, 60g of salt, and 500g of brown sugar to restore the cow's strength as soon as possible. In addition, 500mL wine or a small amount of low-alcohol wine can be served to promote blood circulation and make the placenta fall off. Feeding cows within 2 to 3 days after childbirth should be based on quality hay, supplemented with digestible concentrates. For example, if 3kg of bran and corn are fed every day, the calcium and salt content of the diet will gradually increase after 2 to 3 days. The method can be used to replace bran and corn with concentrates. Normally, 1/3 is replaced on the 3rd day after childbirth, 1/2 is replaced on the 4th day, 2/3 is replaced on the 3rd day, and 6th day is all fed with the concentrate. If the appetite is good, the feces is normal, and the breast edema disappears 7 days after the cow is born, begin to feed the silage and supplement the concentrate. The amount of concentrate supplemented is 0.5 to 1 kg per day. Cows must drink warm water at 37°C for the first 7 days after delivery, and should not drink cold water to avoid gastroenteritis. Drinking water can be reduced to 10 to 20°C after 7 days.

2.2 Postpartum milking. The milking amount on the first day after delivery can be 1/3 of the daily output, and it can be gradually increased after the second day, and milk and digestive function can be restored to normal milking on the 4th to 5th days, which can effectively prevent milk fever.

2.3 Observe the uterine discharge and feces. The discharge time of the placenta is generally more than 10 hours. The cows naturally discharged from the placenta should be changed according to the lochia, so that the uterus is flushed with the drug. The drugs are preferably used alternately. If the placenta does not stay for a long time, or if the odor and status of the effluent are abnormal, it should be treated in time. It is advisable to combine systemic treatment to prevent the occurrence of other complications. Restoration of uterus in the postpartum 15 ~ 20d, is conducive to the first estrus after the first delivery and reduce uterine inflammation, and maintain a normal calving interval. If the feces appear thin, color gray, odor and other abnormal phenomena, indicating that rumen function is not normal, should be properly reduced fine material, eat more food roughage.

2.4 Do a good job in the environmental hygiene of the barn, make the house clean, dry and well ventilated, and ensure that the drinking water is clean. If gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases occur during the perinatal period, diagnosis and treatment should be promptly conducted. During the peak of calving, the 24-hour shift should be established. The cows were observed on the shifts in the tank. Once the antifeedant occurred, a systemic diagnosis should be made.

2.5 After the calving of dairy cows, the secretion activity of the mammary glands increases rapidly. However, due to the deficiency of the postpartum constitution of the dairy cows, the body of the dairy cows should be mainly restored at this time. Therefore, during the first few days of milking, do not squeeze the milk completely but leave There is some milk. If the milk is completely extruded after 1 to 4 days after calving, the blood calcium content will rapidly decline and it will easily lead to postpartum cramps. Even if the treatment is timely, the milk production will be greatly affected. If it is not treated or the condition is serious, then It will cause the cow to die. Generally 30 to 60 minutes after delivery can be milked. On the first day, about 2 kg of yak can be fed each time. On the second day, about 1/3 of the milk production is squeezed. On the third day, 1/2 of the daily milk production is squeezed. On the fourth day, the daily output is squeezed. 3/4 of the amount of milk: On the 5th day, all milk in the breast can be squeezed. This will not only help the cows restore their physique as soon as possible, but also prevent postpartum paralysis.

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