Introduce our breeding technology for foxes in our field for 22 years. 1, the choice of fox The selection of foxes is also called seed selection. The method of seed selection is mainly determined based on the conditions of the flock, the breeding environment, and the requirements for the product. Phenotypic selection and genotype selection. In the selection process, genotype selection can receive the best selection effect, but the genotype can not be measured, except that individual can be directly displayed by the phenotype, generally by phenotypic selection. The genotype of the quality traits is relatively simple, and the genotype can be directly determined based on the phenotype when there is no dominant or dominant in alleles. For 20 years, our determination of foxes, such as Arctic Marble Fox (PP) and Arctic Fox (Blue Fox) female (PP) cross 1st generation (PP) coats are the same as Arctic marble, and blue foxes are recessive. For example, silver black fox (bb) and Arctic fox (blue fox) mother (bb) hybrid 1 generation (bb) are silver-black in color, blue fox is recessive. In this way, if the phenotype alone is used to eliminate recessive genes, it will be very slow and the quantitative traits will be more complicated. It is more difficult to correctly determine the genotypes. However, most of the economic traits of foxes are quantitative traits such as hair density, length, luster, body weight, body length, and litter size. These traits are generally based on the principle and method of quantitative genetics, based on their own or relatives phenotypic values ​​to estimate their breeding value for the selection of foxes. The selection of fox quantitative traits is usually carried out in four aspects: according to the collective's own performance; according to lineage selection; sibling determination; descendant determination. 2. Individual phenotypic selection Selecting according to the phenotypic performance of an individual is called individual selection. A certain number of excellent individuals are selected from large groups to form the performance of a breeding fox population, so that the next generation of plush quality, body shape and series performance are improved. Individual choices only consider the individual's own phenotypic value of breeding traits, regardless of individual and other kinship. This is a method of choice when there is a lack of production records and other information, and it is also the most widely used and simplest method of selection in production. Hereditary high traits can be directly selected by phenotypic values, and the greater the standard deviation, the better the group selection effect. 2.1 Selection of individual traits Individual trait selection is relatively simple, most traits in general cultivars have met or meet certain criteria, and individual traits are used when they need to be improved in the short term or individual trait selection potential is still large. For example, the color of the Arctic fox (blue fox) should be selected so that it is neither light nor too dark, and the color is more appropriate. When the coat color reaches this standard, the selection direction should be adjusted. Similarly, when the fur clothing with the short hair is popular in the market, the selection should focus on selecting the hairs; if necessary, the selection of other traits can be stopped to accelerate the genetic progress of a single trait. The advantage of single trait selection is that the method is simple, the heredity progresses quickly, and the obvious selection effect can be received in a short period of time. This requires the use of a multi-trait comprehensive selection method. 2.2 sequential selection method Only one trait is selected in a period of time. When the trait meets the requirement, another trait is selected, and then the third trait is selected. This one-by-one selection can also be regarded as a single trait selection within a certain period. It is necessary to fully understand the correlation between traits and use this correlation to improve the selection effect. 2.3 Independent elimination method At the same time, several traits are selected and standards are selected for each of the selected traits. All those that do not meet the traits need to be eliminated. Since there are few individuals with comprehensive traits for several traits, this will increase the difficulty of seed selection. Have to relax the selection criteria. Sometimes one of the traits has to be lower than the standard and individuals with other traits are eliminated. The heritability of phenotypic values ​​should be considered when using this selection method. 2.4 Comprehensive selection method In other words, several traits were selected at the same time, and the phenotypic values ​​of several traits were integrated according to heritability, economic management authority, phenotypic correlation and genetic correlation among the traits, and a comprehensive index was formulated to use this index as the elimination criteria. . This method eliminates the deficiencies of the above-mentioned several selection methods and improves the overall selection effect. 3, the selection of fox Choice refers to selecting those individuals that need to retain the type, so that they continue to increase reproductive opportunities; let the type of fox reproduction opportunities to reduce or completely deprived. In other words, it is to increase the frequency of individual genes in the retention type, and to reduce the frequency of the individual genes in the elimination type, gradually making the type of the group's goodness constantly increase and improve. 3.1 Silver Black Fox Selection Criteria 3.1.1 The rate of silver hair depends on the area occupied by the silver hair on the fox. For example, the distribution of silver hair is 100% from ear root to tail root; 75% from shoulder to tail root; 50% from ear to tail root; 25% from ear to tail root. 3.1.2 Silver wool strength Silver wool strength is measured according to the distribution of silver hairs and the width of the white part of the silver hair (silver ring). It can be divided into large, medium and small categories. The wider the silver ring, the greater the silver strength. The more obvious the silver hair. 3.1.3 The color of the silver ring can be divided into three types: pure white, chalky, yellowish or light brown. 3.1.4 The width of the silver ring can be divided into three types (10 to 15 mm), medium (6 to 10 mm) and narrow (6 mm or less). 3.1.5 The black hairy tips of the fog needles are exposed above the silver ring, causing the hairs of the silver black foxes to form a mist. If the black hairy tip is small, it is called light fog; the silver ring is narrow, the black hairy tip is large, and the position of the silver ring is low, which is called heavy fog. 3.1.6 Black Belt The black hair styling hair on the back of the spine forms a black belt. Sometimes this kind of black belt is not obvious, but it can be clearly seen by sliding it slightly from the side to the back. 3.1.7 The shape of the tail can be divided into a cylindrical or circular cone shape. The white hairy part of the tail can be divided into three types: big, medium and small. Its color can be divided into pure white, yellowish or doped with black. 3.2 Arctic fox selection criteria According to traditional experience, the fox selection can refer to the following items. 3.2.1 The coat blue Arctic fox requires extensive body lightening and no brown or white markings. The white arctic fox requires white hair, no variegated colors, and grey undercoat. Shadow foxes, except for brown stripes on the ridge and head, are white in other parts. 3.2.2 Plush quality requirements The needle hair is flush, full and not shiny, no bending, the length when taking skin is about 40mm, and the needle hair accounts for more than 2.9% of the total number. Fluffy color, about 25mm in length, moderate density, so that the appearance of the fur is more flexible. On the contrary, the villi are too dense or short and thin and should not be left for species use. 3.2.2 Body Requirements For 6-month-old male foxes used for seed retention, body weights of 10 to 15 kg or more and body lengths of 80 to 85 cm or more are maintained. The female fox has a body weight of 8 to 10 kg or more and a body length of 75 to 80 cm or more. 4, cross breeding Cross-breeding refers to the mating of two or more breeds, enriches and expands the genetic basis of the population, and then selects and cultivates them in a targeted manner. After 4 generations of breeding, the target can be achieved and new varieties can be formed. The varieties that participate in the hybridization must have the advantages of good production performance, strong disease resistance, and large body size. In order to consolidate and develop the good traits and characteristics obtained by the hybrid offspring, it is necessary to ensure the breeding conditions and feeding conditions. The breeding level of the hybrid offspring must be the same, and seed selection must be strictly selected according to the seed selection index. When the indicators of hybrid offspring are achieved, the traits must be fixed in time. Simple cross breeding is a method of cultivating new varieties through the crossing of two varieties. Its heredity is relatively easy, so it takes a shorter time. However, before breeding, it is necessary to design a hybrid breeding program. The genetic basis of the selected species should be clear, the hybridization method, cultivation conditions, and the entire work content must have a complete design scheme so as to contribute to the accomplishment of the goal. Complex crossbreeding is a method of breeding new varieties with multiple varieties. Due to a large number of genetic bases, the range of hybridization variation is large and the incubation time required is also long. Which variety is dominant and which other varieties and sequences are used must be estimated or determined experimentally because the species used have a greater effect on the offspring. 5, pedigree selection The pedigree selection is based on the performance of the species' ancestors to determine the merits of their genetic quality. Production practice is generally based on their own achievements, combined with ancestral achievements to determine whether to retain for species. Pedigree data is an important source of information for selection, and the selection of the male and female foxes is more decisive for the first generation. 6, sibling determination The sibling assay is based on the competitor's performance and estimates the breeder's breeding value. Fox is the result of the quality of slaughtered siblings often used in the production of multiple animals to judge the species value of foxes. Specific standards are as follows. 7. Determination of descendants Descendants determine the value of a fox based on the level of each male fox, which is the best way to estimate the breeding value. Because the purpose of choosing to keep the fox is to produce a good offspring, the offspring can also prove that the selection is correct. For traits with low heritability, progeny assays can accelerate genetic progression. The deficiency of descendants' determination is that it takes too much time. 8, selection The selection of foxes generally takes three times, namely primary selection, selective selection and selection. 8.1 primary election When weaning, the young foxes are predominantly selected based on ancestral data. The young foxes with excellent parental production performance, early birth and normal development are reserved for species use. The primaries of the public fox should be born before April 20, and the female fox should be born before April 30th. The number of retained seeds in the primary selection should be about 40% more than the number of planned species. The selection of adult male foxes is conducted after the breeding is completed, and the adult female foxes are selected after the weaning of the weaning fox. For poor breeding ability, male foxes with poor semen quality should be eliminated. The number of litters of the retained female fox should be higher than the average number of the entire group (7 or more). Maternality is good, and the amount of milk is sufficient. The nursing infant fox develops normally. The estrus period of female foxes is good in March. 8.2 Check In August, adult foxes with poor recovery should be eliminated. Breeding fox to choose normal development. Robust individuals keep their seeds. The number of species of fox at the time of selection was 30% to 35% more than that at the end of the year. 8.3 Featured According to their own achievements, the ancestral records and the quality of descendants should be strictly selected and the unqualified individuals eliminated.
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3.2.4 Other conditions Adult male foxes require strong breeding ability and good semen quality. Adult female foxes require an average of 8 or more litters, strong maternity, strong milk-eating ability and no eating habits. If it is too sensitive to adverse environmental stimuli (such as sound, climate, color, odor, etc.), it should not be reserved for use. However, no matter adult adult fox or female fox, its useful life can not exceed 6 years. The foxes preparing for fox cubs should choose those born early (before April 30th). There are many litters and their parents have stable hereditary traits. The mother fox expresses the mother fox's strong fox and leaves it for use.
Size (ear root to tail root): size 00, 106 cm or more; level 0, 97 to 106 cm; level 1, 88 to 97 cm; level 2, 79 to 88 cm; level 3, 70 to 79 cm. Coat color: pale, light, medium, black. Grade: Super grade color, good quality texture; A grade is very good, medium texture; B grade quality, rough texture; C grade quality, rough texture; D grade quality is poor. The color of the coat: Grade 1 is of good quality and clear in color; Grade 2 has slight defects; Grade 3 has obvious color defects; Grade 4 has poor color. All sorts of identification materials for foxes are to be registered on fox cards for use as a basis for subsequent selection and selection. 