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Management measures for laying hens in the cold season
In the cold season, maintaining optimal conditions for laying hens is crucial to ensure their health, productivity, and comfort. The ideal temperature range for hens is between 18°C and 23°C. When temperatures drop below 5°C, egg production declines, and feed consumption increases significantly. Therefore, it's essential to implement effective heating strategies to keep the environment warm and stable.
To maintain warmth, farmers can use several methods depending on their resources and location. First, seal all gaps in walls and roofs, secure doors, block north-facing windows, and cover south-facing windows with glass or plastic film. At night, hang blankets or straw mats over doors and windows to add an extra layer of insulation. Installing a mezzanine or ceiling under the roof can help prevent cold air from entering. A thick layer of straw or plastic cloth on the ceiling also helps retain heat. Electric blankets, heating pads, or infrared lamps can be used to provide direct warmth. In larger operations, stoves with chimneys and heating pipes are effective. For houses with outdoor areas, a low greenhouse made of plastic film can be built to create a closed environment. Flaps at waste outlets prevent cold drafts, and increasing stocking density (6-8 hens per square meter on the ground, 18-24 in multi-tier cages) can help generate more body heat. Wind barriers around the house reduce exposure to cold winds. If necessary, cover the entire chicken house with nylon or double-layered plastic, but make sure to leave small ventilation holes to avoid suffocation.
In addition to keeping the house warm, adjusting the diet is important. Hens require more energy during cold weather to maintain body temperature. Increasing the proportion of animal-based ingredients and energy-rich feeds like corn and grains can meet these needs. Adding 1% fat to the feed improves palatability and helps the birds resist cold while increasing egg weight. Ensuring adequate protein, minerals, and vitamins supports overall health and egg production.
Artificial lighting is another key factor. Laying hens need about 16 hours of light daily. During colder months, when daylight is limited, artificial lighting should be used. A 60-watt bulb placed 2 meters above the floor, with a shade, provides sufficient illumination. Lighting should be consistent—turning on at 5 AM and turning off at dawn, then again at 9 PM and off by 10 PM. On cloudy days, lights must remain on. Using a timer ensures regularity, avoiding sudden changes that could stress the flock. Prepare feed and water before turning on the lights so the hens can eat immediately.
Maintaining a dry and well-ventilated environment is also critical. Poor ventilation leads to dampness, high ammonia levels, and respiratory issues. Regularly clean cages, check for leaks in water systems, and use lime or superphosphate to control moisture and odors. Ventilate during sunny midday hours, opening windows briefly for 10–30 minutes. Vertical ventilation systems can improve air quality. Fumigating with herbal mixtures like Artemisia and garlic helps eliminate bad smells.
Stress management is equally important. Cold, vaccination, and noise can all cause stress, leading to reduced egg production or even death. To combat cold stress, increase energy feed before a cold snap and administer stress-reducing solutions. Vaccination should be done carefully, with pre- and post-vaccination supplements to boost immunity. Avoid loud noises, keep the area quiet, and limit human activity inside the house. Use vitamin C and E supplements to reduce anxiety.
Disinfection and disease prevention are vital during winter. Regular cleaning of the house, feeding equipment, and surrounding areas reduces disease risk. Use broad-spectrum disinfectants and rotate them to prevent resistance. Weekly disinfection is standard, but more frequent treatments may be needed if diseases occur. Finally, monitor the flock closely, isolate sick birds, and treat them promptly to prevent outbreaks.
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