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Lotus common pests and their control
Liaocheng Botanical Garden is a high-tech ecological sightseeing agricultural park, primarily focused on aquatic plants, especially various types of lotus. With over 200 renowned lotus varieties, the garden showcases a rich diversity of flora. However, during our visit, we observed several pests and diseases that significantly impact the health and growth of lotus plants. Here are the main issues identified:
**Diseases**
1. **Black Spot Disease**: This fungal disease mainly affects the leaves, starting with yellowish chlorotic spots that later turn brown with dark borders and black mold on the surface. The lesions can range from 5 to 15 mm in diameter. In severe cases, entire leaves may become yellow and necrotic. The disease thrives in rainy seasons, especially when nitrogen fertilizers are overused or water temperatures are too high. To manage it, remove infected leaves promptly, replace soil if necessary, and spray 75% chlorothalonil diluted 600–800 times.
2. **Brown Spot Disease**: Characterized by small, round spots ranging from 0.5 to 8 mm in size, with a light brown to yellowish-brown center and darker edges. Black mold often appears on the lesions in later stages. This disease is more common in autumn and rainy weather. Control measures include removing plant debris and applying 50% carbendazim at 500 times dilution or 80% dexamethasone at 500–800 times.
3. **Rot Disease**: Affects leaves, petioles, and roots, causing green or blue spots along leaf edges that eventually lead to browning and necrosis. Petioles may turn brown and droop, while roots show brown discoloration and white filaments. This disease is worse in continuously cropped soils or when water levels are too high. Prevention includes proper fertilization, avoiding excessive water, and spraying 50% carbendazim or Phytophthora net at 500 times dilution.
**Pests**
1. **Locusts**: These pests feed on young leaves, buds, and flowers, damaging lotus plants in early May. Both adults and larvae suck sap, causing harm throughout spring and autumn. Use 20% cypermethrin diluted 2000 times for control.
2. **Cockroach Moth**: Larvae feed on both old and new leaves, sometimes consuming them entirely. They often hang on the underside of leaves. Remove diseased leaves and apply 90% trichlorfon at 1500–2000 times dilution, combined with spores to kill them. Keep the area clean and free of weeds.
3. **Prickly Pear Moths and Brown Moths (larvae)**: Primarily damaging leaves, these pests are active from mid-June to September. Control involves burning infested leaves and using 90% trichlorfon at 800–1000 times or 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate at 3000 times.
4. **Hydra (grass)**: Larvae feed on stems and roots, causing yellowing of leaves. Apply lime at 10–15 kg per mu (667 square meters) to repel them, but avoid overuse.
5. **Lotus Aphids**: These pests damage lotus, water lilies, and Typha, reducing flower quality and bud production. Use 50% loquat EC at 1000 times or 50% disulfuron EC at 2000 times. Be cautious with pesticides due to their toxicity to fish.
6. **Spodoptera litura (Twill Night Thief)**: Young larvae feed on the upper surfaces of leaves, leaving only veins and epidermis. Later-stage larvae cause significant leaf damage and may move to neighboring fields. Control options include Bt emulsion, insecticidal liquid No.6, phoxim, deltamethrin, or 21% killing emulsion.
By implementing these management strategies, the garden can maintain healthy lotus growth and ensure long-term sustainability.