PMU is used to produce estrogen and hormone-replacement drugs such as Premarin, PremPro and PremPhase and DUAVEE, a "PremPro-Lite" which contains Premarin. PMU drugs are made by keeping mares constantly pregnant and collecting their estrogen-rich urine. The horses should be in good healthy, age from 4-15 years old, the color
should be dark. the horses should be check-up and disinfected during
the transportation. The blood taking should be called off immediately
when infectious disease is found, any medicine of Penicillin and
streptomycin is forbidden to use.
Pregnant Mare Urine,Pregnant Horse Urine,Horse Urine Uses,Horse Urine Benefits Jiangxi Institute of Biological Products Inc. , http://www.jxinstitute.com
Feeding management of 1 bull
1.1 Breeding and management of bulls have their special requirements. The feed must meet their physiological characteristics, meet their growth and production needs, and ensure the rationality, comprehensiveness, and diversification of the feeds. Fresh pasture should be available throughout the year, in the late spring, summer and autumn, it is a flourishing period for the supply of grass, during which oats, ryegrass, Dactylis, Hexapunctata, alfalfa, Festuca arundinacea, tall fescue Mainly for feed corn; in winter and early spring, sweet potato vines, carrots, and turnips are the main components. The composition of the bull's concentrate was: yellow corn 34.6%, wheat bran 32%, soybean meal 25%, fish meal 3%, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 2%, stone powder 1%, salt 1.2%, additive 1.2%, processed into pellets. The concentrate is 0.5% of its body weight. The forage is fed quantitatively with the bull's weight of 1.5% (dry matter) twice a day, morning and afternoon. For the climate change, the winter bull is mainly feeding. To avoid the floor being too cold, dry rice straw is placed in the sleeping place, and the polluted rice straw is removed and replaced when the cage is cleaned on the second day. In the hot summer season, the temperature of the house should be maintained at about 25°C. The bull should be kept in the shade and sheltered from the heat and wash the body of cattle 2 or 3 times a day in the morning, noon, and afternoon to maintain its temperature. In addition to the usual cleaning, it is necessary to pay attention to the cleanliness of excrement and combing of cattle body in the pens to keep the bovine body clean and correct cow's hoof in spring and autumn.
1.2 Exercise has a significant effect on improving the locomotor ability of the bull and the firmness of the limbs (hoofs), promoting the secretion of the phlegm substances from nerve cells, and maintaining the hormone secretion level in the body. Experiments have shown that exercise has a significant increase in the sexual activity capacity of 95% of the bulls, and can also affect the bull's feeding, reproductive, learning behavior and tacit understanding with the staff. Exercise can be hauled by the breeder or tanned to the bull at a more spacious venue or at a constant pace in the playing field to encourage the bull to exercise for 1 to 2 hours a day.
1.3 In the prevention and control of epidemics, prevention is the main method, and prevention is more important than governance. For the "No. 5 disease", cattle outbreak, anthrax and other infectious diseases, to do a good job in the spring and autumn; epidemic disease, cockroaches and other infectious diseases, so that regular prevention and treatment, close observation, early detection and early treatment. Strictly abide by the relevant epidemic prevention system and ensure that the materials used are clean, hygienic, safe and harmless. Closed management, regular disinfection, observation at any time, timely reporting, and prevention of any epidemic occur.
The application of scientific and reasonable sperm collection techniques to the collection of two kinds of bulls is an important link in the increase of production and quality of fresh sperm. Scientific and correct extraction techniques can not only increase the precision of fresh 15%, increase the viability of 0.05 to 0.10, Can form a moderate and reasonable excitement to the bulls, and maintain the continuity and continuity of their nervous excitement.
2.1 Disinfection before harvesting: (1) The instruments used and the sperm collection room must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected prior to harvesting. Semen collection room before and after sperm extraction and sterilization. The glass rods, collection tubes, and measuring cups were cleaned and cleaned in a drying oven at 160° C. for 120 minutes, followed by dry sterilization. The collection tube, triangle sleeve and inner tube must be washed with detergent, washed with clean water and dried at 121°C for 30 minutes after autoclaving. (2) When the inner tube is placed in the collection tube, it must be smooth and wrinkle-free. Check for aging damage, and if the rubber rings at both ends are tight. One day before harvesting, add 200-250 ml of fresh water. After disinfecting with 75% alcohol cotton balls, open the valve and put it into the incubator to warm it, dry it, and keep the temperature of the incubator at 42°C. When the sperm is collected, leave the vaginal wall temperature at 39°C. °C, the temperature of the inner wall of the collection cylinder cannot exceed 5 °C to avoid sperm inactivation. Due to the killing effect of alcohol on the sperm, there is no alcohol residue on the vagina when the sperm is collected.
2.2 Preparation before semen collection: (1) Prepare hot water and wash basins before harvesting, and keep the water temperature of the water bath at about 30°C. Maintain the level of the liquid in the beaker and the level of the water bath box level, the water depth in the beaker is 10cm, and adjust the beaker liquid level slightly higher than the liquid level in the collection tube depending on the number of ml of fresh essence collected. Place the dummy vagina, triangle sleeve, and spermatic duct for use. When installing the collection tube, check whether the collection tube has broken cracks. (2) Wash the entire body of the Taurus well before harvesting and disinfect the hindquarters. During the harvesting process, pay attention to cleaning the hindquarters of the cow at any time to avoid contamination of the collection tube or semen with the cow dung.
2.3 selection and adjustment of false vaginal adjustment: According to the species of the collected bull and different mining habits and adjust the technique. Buffalo is a relatively short and fine penis, short body, rapid movement, small impulse and smooth inner tube; yellow cattle body is tall and long, the penis is thicker and longer, the moving distance is longer, the impulse is larger and the inner tube or rough inner tube is adopted. Vaseline film applied to the port 3 ~ 5cm, smooth penis can be conducive to smooth, do not mix Vaseline into the essence of fresh. The inner tube is adjusted according to the length of the bull penis and the diameter of the penis, so as not to allow the outflow of semen and maintain the proper penetration and fullness in the inner tube. The bull can feel the right temperature, pressure, and friction of the fake vagina. Each semen uses a fake vagina to prevent fresh essence from being contaminated.
2.4 Semen collection: The sperm extractor is located on the right side of the bovine body, the breeder is located in front of the left side of the breeding cow, and the semen extractor can observe the whole starting process of the bull at a distance of about 3m from the bench cow. When the bull's tail twitched, and leaned forward, the upper hind limbs sank. When the hind limbs were strong, the picking squadron took the counterfeit vagina in hand or counter-handedly and paid close attention to the movement of the cow. When the lower part of the cow's front came into contact with the sirloin's buttocks. The action of the sperm extractor should be quickly and uniformly near the middle of the right side of the chest and abdomen of the breeding bull. The movement should not be too large to prevent the bull from being scared. With the trend of the bull's movement on the shelves, the picker's feet are on the left side of the oxen's buttocks. The distance is 50cm. The feet are staggered 10cm back and forth, and the left and right distance is 25cm. The center of gravity is maintained. The upper body is slightly forward and cannot stand close to the forelegs and body of the bull. In the near future, you can't bend down to prevent the head and upper body from getting hurt. When the bull is stable on the shelf and the penis slides out of the prepuce, the left hand fingers are close together, and the thumb is straightened and held together with the other four fingers in a circle, slightly touching the rear end of the bull's prep. When the bull stretched across the stable and the penis protruded, the right hand held the false female to a level of 30 to 40 degrees and rested against the hip of the cow. Pay attention to avoid contact with the bulls and feet of the bull. The operating technique must be light and meticulous, and the movement should be flexible. When the two hands meet and the bull penis completely enters the fake vagina, the left hand can release it. Adjust the right and left hand to adjust the right and left hands so that the bull penis enters the false front of the vagina. The empty hand then gently assists the bull in the dorsum of the bull. It is used to feel the action of the bull so that it can quickly leave and ensure that the bull can reach full excitement. Ejaculation. When the bull climbed to the end of landing, the penis still had a short period of excitement. A small amount of semen continued to shoot. At this time, the right hand held the pseudo-vagina to maintain a 30-40 angle with the lower abdomen of the cow, and moved backwards with the bulls landing. When the bull's penis has softened and retracted, it can leave the false vagina to ensure that the bull can fully ejaculate and eject semen to fully collect. Open the air valve to evacuate the air inside the inner tube, collect the semen, and then quickly collect the semen. Then send it to the water bath box and take off the triangle cover. Put the sperm tube slightly and gently put it into the water bath thermos beaker to keep it warm.
2.5 When harvesting, it is necessary to keep the bull in the same horizontal line or straight line after the oxen's buttock. The rear part of the breeding bull can't cross the side of the back of the oxen's buttock from the side, so that the bull can have the shortest time, the fastest speed, and the most The labor-saving way to climb shelves. Bulls should exercise properly before harvesting to activate their motor system to avoid contusion, and as a factor of nerve excitation, the bulls are given a bystander stimulus to stimulate their nerves. When the bull ejaculates, it must keep its muscles excited, its nerves excited, and the blood transport coordinated, and avoid the failure of coordination due to a single excitement. If a bull comes into contact with the penis or enters the fake vagina and then retreats from the lower frame or the penis twitches in the false vagina many times, the bull is gently squatted and the fake vagina is gently separated from the penis to avoid irritating the bull penis and then checking the sperm. Whether the technique and false vaginal assembly are incorrect. The operation technique of bull-picking the bull is a process of stimulating the bull's sexual excitement and fully ejaculating. It must ensure a success, avoid air crawls, complete full sexual excitement at one time, and make the bulls form a good ejaculation excitement reflex. If the air is crawled many times or is not appropriate for the vagina, it will not be able to properly and moderately stimulate the bulls, and it will not be able to achieve proper sexual excitement. The ejaculation cannot form a good habit for the bulls, and even the bull is afraid to collect sperm. The keeper must use soft sounds and stretched limb movements to induce the bulls to perform their actions during the entire harvesting process. Usually, they cannot whip and drank the bulls during the feeding process. After each bull has been harvested once, it should not be stimulated again to allow it to rest for a restful time and to recover for the next time. When the sperm is collected, the left and right sides of the bull must be skilled in the operation.
According to the bull's sexual excitement interval of 2 to 3 days, the amount of semen collected accounts for about 40% of the amount of semen stored. In principle, weekly sperm retrieval is conducted for 2 days, 2 times a day, based on the physical condition of each bull and the neurological response to adaptability, nutritional status and conditions of the external environment to carry out phased, recoverable, super-strength use. The time interval adjustment or 1-3 semen collection methods may be appropriately performed to fully exert the semen output potential of the breeding bull.
2.6 Auxiliary techniques for sperm extraction: The bull's temperament is not immutable. It must be based on cattle. Based on the nature of each bull, it adopts flexible mining techniques.
2.6.1 Two-cattle harvesting method: Between two gentle bulls with a milder personality, they share a single cow. This method can make the two bulls have a competitive mentality and promote their rapid climb. And between two bulls that are violent or frightened, they cannot be used to avoid injury.
2.6.2 Estrus cow harvesting method: Estrus cows are used as taiwanese and have a special temptation for most kinds of bulls. This method can be used for cows who like estrus. Because the estrus cow is not always harvested every time, the more moderate method is to give the mother and taiwan cattle each time before the sperm injection, such as cloprostinol or estradiol. This method is applied to bulls that are more frightened or specially selected for the Tajikistan, and to master the estrus law of the cow after injection.
2.6.3 Testosterone sequestration: It is more effective in the reduction of libido in males caused by insufficient levels of male hormones. However, this method must be repeated 9 days after the injection. In addition, a variety of methods must be supplemented to fundamentally solve the problem of low sexual desire to ensure semen production.
2.6.4 Judgment of Sexual Excitement Semen collection method: The process of harvesting a bull is a process in which the behavior of the semen is coordinated with the behavior of the bull. When the bull is climbing on the shelf, the technique of the semen must be performed. It is in harmony with the action and nervous excitement of a bull. The judgment method is: When the sigmoid flexion of the bull penis appears excited and the penis is continuously stretched and accompanied by the glans of the penis head, the penis can be gently introduced into the pseudo vagina. This method can make the penis nerve excited to the best and produce the maximum amount of semen and guarantee the vitality of fresh essence. When the sperm collection is necessary, the discharge of sperm must be synchronized with the discharge of the accessory glands to ensure the quantity of spermatozoa and the density and vigor of all sperms. . Avoid duplication of the penis of the penis by the pseudo vagina to passivate the nerve receptors of the penile cortex.
2.6.5 Selecting the Taurea Harvesting Method: Tajikia plays a crucial and decisive role in mobilizing the sexual excitement of the bulls. The cattle selected as Taiwanese cattle can be either bulls or cows. The principle of choosing the Taurus: boldness, gentle temperament, easy touch, clear coat color, dark or light body color or pattern, large body size, long body, thick forequarters, strong hindquarters, height of about 1.5m The body length is about 1.8m, the back is straight, the chest is wide, the back hip is compact and full, the waist is obvious, the hips are full and firm, the waist and hip are suitable for planting the forelegs of the bull, and the hoof limbs can bear the weight pressure well. The purpose of the selection of the Taurus is to stimulate the active sexual excitement of the bulls, which is conducive to the breeding of the bulls and to maintain the stability of the body. The excitement of Tajikistan's formation of bulls is mainly due to the contrast of the hair color of the Tajikistan, the height of the body, the fullness of the body, the smell of the body, and the activity of the Tajikistan. Therefore, the choice of the Taurus must meet the bullish sexual excitement requirements. In the use of Tajikistan, it is not possible to use a cow for a long time as a taiwanese. The bulls have a heavy impact on the taiwan's many times and it is easy to cause more or less damage to the taiwanese, or light or heavy damage. Developed as an irreversible disability. If it must be used, it should be used once a week for 3 weeks. Each time, it is limited to 1 to 2 kinds of cattle extract.
3 The structure of the extracting frame and the environment of the sperm collection room
3.1 Buffalo, domestic cattle, small cattle with mining frame: inner width 60cm, width 100cm; pedal width 20cm, front height 80cm, rear height 70cm; out of the frame before and after the length of 1.5m, rear bull land length 2.3 ~ 2.5m, width 1.6m (can be widened, frame height 1.6m, width 1.5cm, two spacing 4m). The land for bulls shall be covered with rubber mats. The following methods shall be used for making rubber mats: The rubber with a thickness of 2 cm shall be made of rubber of 7 to 8 cm in width, 3 m long, and 4 bars in the middle, and shall be penetrated by steel bar No. 16 to 3.5 m long mat, divided into 2 ~ 3, both sides of the steel bar pressed and riveted with silk, combined into a piece, shop in the fine collection of land, 1 ~ 1.5cm above the ground.
3.2 Large and medium-sized or foreign cattle harvesting frame: width 65 to 70cm, width 1.15m; foot width 25cm, front height 90cm, rear height 80cm; burdock width 15 to 20cm; rack length 1.8m, rack front 1.7m high, each 4m apart. The bull has a width of 2.4m and a length of 3m, and each has 3m open space. The sperm collection room should be bright and spacious, with plenty of light, air circulation, and a smooth ground. It will not hurt the cow's hooves and have no odor.
3.3 The sperm collection room is 4.5m high. The roof shelters from the rain and can penetrate into brighter light but no temperature rise occurs, which is conducive to disinfection and cleanliness and cleanliness of the indoor environment. The hoof baths are located next to the entrance channel of the sperm collection room. There are two railings in the spermacle chamber, and there is a mast at the front and the rear of the railing. The pool is 4m long, 3m wide, and 40cm deep. The depth of water is used to submerge the hoof's hooves, and a 5% to 10% cupric sulfate solution or 3% formaldehyde solution is placed in the hoof bath. The method can not only be used for regular disinfection, but also make the hoof horny skin and skin firm, prevent interdigital dermatitis and hoof deformation.
4 Freshness detection, dilution, and frozen fresh essences should be detected, diluted, and frozen immediately after sperm extraction. Otherwise, freshness and post-freezing activity rates can be easily affected.
4.1 Detection of fresh essence: The extractor will send the fresh essence collected to the semen processing chamber and report the variety and number of the cow. The indoor special personnel will be responsible for the reception and visual inspection and detection of fresh essence, and record the variety, number, number of picking, Semen volume and other data. Then use a density meter to measure the number of sperm contained in fresh sperm per ml, the dilution factor, the density, and the number of freezers. The rate of fresh spermatozoa, the number of spermatozoa of grade a, and their components were observed by electron microscopy. The number of grade a spermatozoa per millilitre of spermatozoa is required to reach 600 million, and the live rate reaches 0.6, before it can be used for dilution and freezing. If there is any abnormality, identify the specific cause (such as azoospermia, less sperm, dead sperm, pollution, etc.) and discard it.
4.2 Preparation and Dilution of Diluent: Prepare per 100ml dilution: double distilled water 73ml, sodium citrate 1.102g, yolk 20ml, lactose 4.2g, glycerin 7ml, cyanine, streptomycin 5-100000 u. The reagents were weighed in an aseptic state, placed in an Erlenmeyer flask and added with double-distilled water to dissolve and filter, and then the water was boiled and sterilized for 15 to 20 minutes and then cooled to room temperature. Then add glycerin, blue, streptomycin and yolk extracted from the fresh eggs after disinfection. Stir well and mix thoroughly. After centrifugation, place it in the freezer for 24 hours and take the supernatant and divide it into bottles. Dilutions were preheated to 35°C before dilution. According to the measured data when diluted, ensure that the number of a-grade spermatozoa in each tube is 10 million. The diluent is slowly added into the fresh essence along the wall and then shaken and used for spare. In this process, vibration fresh essence is avoided.
4.3 Aliquoting and freezing: Sub-packing must be carried out in a thin tube dispensing machine. The temperature inside the filling machine is maintained at 0 to 2°C. Slowly dilute the fresh essence into the conical cup along the wall for dispensing. Replace the needle and the suction hose according to the type. After filling, the thin tubes are marked with the variety and the number of cattle, and they are placed in the dispensing machine and equilibrated for 2 to 4 hours before being frozen. The freezing is carried out in a freezing tank. The thin tube rack is placed above the liquid nitrogen, and the temperature at the capillary tube is monitored with a cryogenic temperature meter and kept in a liquid nitrogen after fumigation at -100 to -120°C for 10 minutes. Post-freezing survival rate of 3.5 or more, and after 48 hours retesting rate of 3.5 square for qualified products. Dispensing and freezing should be light and rapid to avoid external environmental influences.
5 Conclusions The increase in output of fresh and refined products and the improvement of post-freezing quality are a comprehensive process. Understand the physiological and behavioral characteristics of the bull, combined with production requirements, comprehensive improvement in feeding methods, epidemic prevention and control, sperm collection technology, dilution technology, freezing technology, environment, temperature, light and bull physiological and living conditions. Through the work of the provincial product reform station (frozen sperm station) in 2003 to produce 540,000 qualified freeze-dried fines, it was proved that under the same conditions, 30% of the bull's fresh and refined production capacity can be improved through technical improvement, and the vitality is improved by 0.05. Give full play to the amount of bull semen, quality and stable production potential.
Technical Measures for Improving the Quantity and Quality of Budding Beef Semen
With the development of Guizhou's ecological livestock husbandry, cattle freezes and improves rapidly. Guaranteeing the quantity and quality of the fresh essence of the bull is the precondition for the production of frozen essence. Unreasonable use of the breeding bull causes the psychological or physiological libido to decrease, the quality of the fresh essence to decrease, the quantity to decrease, and the value of the species to be lost. Therefore, it is very important for the bulls to use reasonable and continuous practical operating techniques. The author tried to introduce the technical measures to increase the quantity and quality of the fresh seeds of bulls in order to continue their rational use and extend the useful life so as to make it more effective for the reform of cattle.