Anthocyanidins is a kind of water-soluble natural pigments widely existing in plants in nature. They are colored aglycone obtained from the hydrolysis of anthocyanins. Most of the main colorants in fruits, vegetables and flowers are related to them. Under the condition of different PH value of plant cell vacuoles, anthocyanidins make the petals colorful. The main functions about anthocyanidins are antioxidant and free radical scavenging function, nutritional fortifier in food and Natural Pigment.
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Green commodity broiler production technology
The layout of a chicken farm should be carefully planned to ensure optimal conditions for broiler production. Ideal sites are those with high groundwater levels but good drainage, such as flat or slightly sloped areas that receive ample sunlight. The soil must be free from pathogens and parasites, and it should have good permeability to air and water, helping maintain dry conditions. A reliable and clean water source is essential, meeting the standards set by GB5749. The surrounding area should be quiet, away from urban centers and industrial zones, to reduce stress on the birds. Good access to transportation and sufficient power supply are also important for efficient operations.
Broiler houses come in various designs, and their construction can be tailored based on the scale of the operation and available resources. In rural areas, eco-friendly greenhouses are encouraged. These structures typically have a 2.5-meter-high roof, 1.2-meter-high sides, and include ventilation windows, open skylights on the sunny side, and large doors for airflow. Exhaust fans can be installed to assist with mechanical ventilation, combining natural and artificial methods for cost-effective air circulation. The roof is constructed using layered materials: a non-drip film, followed by grass seed, then insulation made of crushed wheat straw, rice husks, and rice straw (at least 5 cm thick), and finally a plastic layer. A final cover of grass rakes is added and compacted to protect the structure.
When purchasing chicks, it is crucial to obtain them from a reputable hatchery that guarantees healthy, disease-free stock. Chicks should be hatched from eggs weighing between 52 to 65 grams, with all coming from the same parent generation. Healthy chicks have smooth, shiny feathers, well-healed navel areas, and clear eyes. They should be active, responsive when held, and show no signs of deformities or health issues. Chicks are usually hatched after 20.5 to 21 days, and the number should be accurately counted upon arrival.
Waste management is critical in maintaining hygiene. Dead chickens should be removed immediately and disposed of through burning or deep burial, not left in housing or feed areas. Hands must be disinfected after handling dead birds. After each batch, manure should be thoroughly cleaned and transported to a safe location. Proper disposal prevents disease spread and maintains a clean environment.
Drug residue control is a key concern in commercial broiler farming. The use of banned substances is strictly prohibited. Only approved antimicrobial agents and coccidiostats may be used, following strict guidelines to ensure meat quality. Examples include Bacitracin Zinc, Aureomycin, Enrofloxacin, and several others. Antibiotics like Tiamulin and Tylosin are allowed for treatment, while certain anticoccidial drugs like Amprolium and Diclazuril are permitted. All medications must be used responsibly to avoid residues in the final product.
Vaccination programs should be developed based on local disease prevalence, and vaccines must be sourced from authorized manufacturers. Proper storage and testing before use are essential. Regular disinfection of the farm, including footbaths with caustic soda at entrances, helps prevent disease outbreaks. Fly control, weed removal, and proper waste management are also necessary for a clean environment.
Ventilation is vital to remove moisture, carbon dioxide, and harmful gases like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Broiler houses should be equipped with vents that allow controlled airflow. During summer, airspeeds should be 2.5–5 m/s, while in winter, they should be reduced to 1.5 m/s. Lighting plays a key role in broiler growth. Most farms use continuous lighting, though some use intermittent schedules to help birds adapt to darkness. Light intensity decreases as the birds grow, starting at 3.56 W/m² for the first five days and gradually reducing to 0.7–1.3 W/m² after 16 days.
Floor feeding systems can be replaced with raised netting at 60 cm above ground level. This keeps the birds off the floor, reducing exposure to feces and lowering the risk of diseases like coccidiosis. Feces fall through the mesh and are cleaned after slaughter, improving hygiene and feed efficiency. This method reduces medication costs and enhances overall flock performance.