Farm odor refers to gas substances that have a harmful effect on humans and pigs and gases that generate aversion to people's sense of smell. In intensive and large-scale pig production, usually a pig farm with an annual output of 10,000 pigs, sewage is discharged. The amount of at least 30,000 tons, in the appropriate temperature, humidity, anaerobic environment, fermentation conditions can produce a lot of odor; at the same time the daily management work often overlooks the cleanliness of the sewage pit inside the pig farm, ventilation and other health management measures, so that bad smell The high gas concentration (eg NH3 concentration may exceed 40 mg/m3) poses a serious hazard to human physical and mental health and the health and productivity of pigs, and has become a prominent issue in the health management of pig production. In order to improve the efficiency of pig raising, new products and technologies should be actively promoted and applied, and comprehensive measures should be taken to eliminate or reduce the harm of odors. The generation of stench The odor in pig farms mainly comes from the decomposition of pig manure, sewage, litter, feed, etc. In addition, the fresh feces of pigs, the gas from the digestive tract, the secretions of sebaceous glands and sweat glands, and the dirt attached to the body surface, Exhaled air CO2 (content is about 100 times higher than the atmosphere) will emit an unpleasant odor. Pig's feces and urine During the process of decomposition, the decarboxylation and deamination of proteins and amino acids due to bacterial activity are most important for the production of odors. In addition, the dust in the air in pig farms has a close relationship with the odor of pig farms. Dust is a carrier of microorganisms and adsorbs a large amount of volatile odors (unsaturated aldehydes, skatole). At the same time, microorganisms continuously decompose dusty organic matter and produce odors. Major malodorous substances and their hazards Many researchers have identified odor components produced in swine manure fermentation on pig farms, and data indicate that there are 230 kinds of odor components in swine manure, and the most odorous substances that are most harmful to pigs are mainly NH3, H2S and VFA (volatile fatty acids). Among them, the hazards of NH3 and H2S have been well known to many farmers, and they introduce the hazards of VFA. VFA is a mixture with a strong odor of n-C4 and i-C5. The vapor has a strong irritating, rancid odor, which is irritating to the pig's eyes and respiratory tract, and causes pig irritable and restless. Food intake decreased, physical constitution became weak, respiratory diseases were prone to occur, and high concentrations of VFA were found in the environment. Pigs vomited, dyspnea, and pulmonary edema. Malodorous control measures (1) Design diets scientifically to improve feed utilization After feed intake by pigs, during the digestive tract digestion process (especially in the posterior intestine), the feed produces odor due to decomposition of microorganisms; at the same time, no digested and absorbed parts are microbially degraded in vitro, and malodors and feces are also produced. The more odors, the more odors, the increase in the digestibility of the diet, and the reduction in the discharge of dry matter (especially protein), both to reduce the generation of intestinal odors and to reduce the generation of odors after excrement, which is reduced Efficient measures of odor sources and tests have proven that the digestibility of diets has increased from 85% to 90%, and the dry matter discharge of feces has been reduced by one-third; the dietary protein has been reduced by 2% and the fecal excretion has been reduced by 20%. 1 Low-protein diet balanced by amino acids: Substitution of synthetic amino acids for intact proteins in diets can effectively reduce nitrogen in fecal matter. Kert believes that supplementation of amino acids in low-protein diets can reduce nitrogen output by 3.2%-62 %, Aarnink et al. found that when the crude protein was reduced to 10 g/kg body weight, the content of ammonia nitrogen in fecal matter was reduced by 9%. 2Fertilizing feeding: feeding and growing pigs with liquid material, good palatability of feed, high digestion and utilization rate, no dust, reduced respiratory diseases of pigs, reduced costs, and fast pig growth; test results show that: Compared with feeding dry powder, feeding pigs with liquid feed can increase the feed conversion rate by 9.19%-12.08%, and the amount of pig feces can be reduced accordingly. (2) Reasonable use of feed additives Enzyme preparations, acid preparations, EM preparations, yucca extracts, and zeolites are added to the diet to increase the performance of the pig and play an important role in controlling odor. 1 Enzyme preparations: Enzyme preparations in the diet can increase the digestibility of nitrogen and increase the availability of carbohydrates. Vandelholm (1997) reported that 0.1% xylanase, feed dry matter, and nitrogen were added to piglet diets. The utilization rate was increased by 21% and 34% respectively, and the digestive experiment by Bass et al. (1996) demonstrated that using the enzyme preparation increased the crude protein digestibility by 9% and the dry matter digestibility by 6%. 2Acid preparations: mainly by reducing the pH value of the digestive tract to affect the digestive effect of piglets on the nutrients, reduce the rate of diarrhea and odor caused by diarrhea, most studies have shown that adding organic acids to the diet can improve the digestion of piglets and protein Absorption enhances nitrogen retention in the body. Li Defa et al. (1993) reported that 1% citric acid was added to piglets, and the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein increased by 2.28% and 6.1%. 3EM preparation: It is a new kind of compound microbial preparation, which can increase the number of beneficial microorganisms in the digestive tract of pigs, regulate the microbial ecological balance in the body, prevent piglets from squatting, promote growth and development, increase the feed conversion rate of pigs, reduce intestinal ammonia, The production of odor substances such as cesium, and the results of the EM deodorization test conducted by the Beijing Environmental Protection Monitoring Center showed that after one month of use of EM, the odor concentration decreased by 97.7%, and the odor intensity dropped below 2.5, reaching the national level. The primary standard, He Mingqing (1992) used Bacillus aerobically to feed pigs, and the daily gain increased by 7.8%-21.6% and 2.8%-9.6%. 4 Yucca plant extracts: The addition of Yucca plant extracts to the diet can effectively reduce the concentration of harmful gases. Since the Yucca plant extract has two kinds of iron-containing glycoproteins, it can bind several times as harmful as its molecular weight. Gas, so it has a deodorizing effect, according to the American University of Buddy reported that after adding the brand name "Willanbao-30" of the Yucca plant extract 112 mg per kilogram of pig feed, the ammonia concentration in the pig house A drop of 34% resulted in a 50% drop in H2S concentration and improved daily gain and feed conversion. 5 Zeolite: The pore volume of zeolite accounts for more than 50% of the volume of zeolite. The surface area is very large, and it has strong adsorption to ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide and moisture, so it can reduce the concentration of harmful gas in piggery, it is reported that in the pig diet Adding 2% of zeolite powder can increase feed conversion rate by 3.25%, and reduce fecal moisture and odor. (3) Strengthening farm hygiene management 1 Correctly set up the building in the farm: A rigid concrete road with a certain slope should be built in the farm, and a spray cooling and dust removal system should be installed in the production area. There should be sufficient water supply and a smooth drainage system. 2Reasonably designing pig houses: designing excrement devices in pig houses, using rolling shutter devices on the windows, reasonably arranging ventilation in the houses, paying attention to moisture-proof in the house, keeping house dry, adjusting the pigs, defecate urine at fixed points, and promptly clearing Fecal waste, reduce house dust, microorganisms, try to do urine separation. 3 improve the production process: the use of less water to eliminate the manure process - dry cleaning process, the dry manure and urine sewage diversion, reduce the amount of sewage and pollutant concentration in the sewage. 4 Disposal of pig manure: Build a dedicated manure septic tank with the right volume and suitable for timely high-temperature rapid drying of manure, or composting, or use deodorant, and effectively apply compost to agricultural production. aã€High-temperature and rapid drying: Drying machines need to be artificially dried and dried by using coal, heavy oil, or heat generated by electricity. Domestic dryers are mostly rotary drums and receive 500-550°C in a short time (about tens of seconds). The role of water in pig manure can be reduced to a low level, effectively controlling the generation of odor. b. Composting: Composting shed and composting tank (pit): The compost shed is mainly protected from rainwater, and the sides are fully covered. The front and rear are open. The size of the shed depends on the amount of pigs, but the space should be large, which is conducive to ventilation and both sides. For the second cement wall, the ground is cement structure, ventilation holes are set, the wall distance is about 3 meters, the wall height is 1.7 meters, the length is determined according to needs, after the excrement is collected, pay attention to control the proper moisture, inject air regularly, put the temperature of accumulated excrement It is controlled at 30-60°C; it is turned 1-2 times a week to reduce odor and accelerate fermentation. The whole process takes 6-8 weeks, and then the compost is directly transported away or directly used for planting. c. Use of deodorants: Deodorization of swine feces mainly includes physical deodorization, chemical deodorization, and biological deodorization. Physical deodorant mainly refers to some adsorbents and acid preparations, adsorbents can adsorb odors, commonly used are activated carbon, peat, sawdust, bran, rice bran, etc. These substances are mixed with pig manure and pass through the molecules of odor substances. Adsorption and acid preparations mainly achieve the purpose of deodorization by changing the pH of the feces to suppress the vigor of microorganisms or neutralizing some odor substances. Commonly used ferrous sulfate, nitric acid and the like are used. Chemical deodorization can be divided into oxidants and sterilizers, commonly used potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, etc. Its role is to oxidize part of the odor components to less odor or odorless substances, Ritter (1989) reported that use ( 100-500) 10-6 potassium permanganate or (100-125) 10-6 hydrogen peroxide can effectively control the occurrence of odor. Biological deodorization mainly refers to live bacteria preparations. Its role is to deodorize through biochemical processes. Experts will inoculate the isolated actinomycetes in pig manure. Odorous substances such as NH3, H2S and VFA will soon disappear. Tests have proved that: Nitrifying bacteria and sulfur bacteria are respectively selected from humus or activated sludge. After being trained, nitrifying bacteria can remove ammonia from the feces. Sulfur bacteria can inhibit the production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Biogas projects mainly use solid-liquid separation, acid hydrolysis and anaerobic fermentation technology to treat sewage. The filter tower precipitation treatment process includes four processes: separation, decomposition, filtration, and precipitation. Separation: Solid-liquid separator is used to separate the solids from the liquid in the sewage. Because the solids are mainly composed of organic substances, they can be directly deposited and processed, and the sewage naturally flows into the feed inlet and enters the next step. Decomposition and filtration: The bio-filtration tower is used to purify the separated diluted solution. The bio-filter is to rely on the bio-film established by the filter material attached to the surface of the filter material to decompose the organic matter in the wastewater to achieve the purpose of purification and make the organic matter of the wastewater. The concentration is greatly reduced. Precipitation: It can make about 50% suspended matter sink, and add a certain amount of flocculant in sedimentation tank. The removal rate of suspended matter can reach 85%-90%. Drainage: Reuse the precipitated effluent (the water quality has been significantly improved after purification) and reuse it in the piggery or in the sewer. Hot Air Circulation Drying Machine
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