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How to increase the productivity of cows
At present, in some rural areas in China, traditional breeding methods are used. In general, the breeding rate of cows is usually less than 40%, the empty rate is more than 55%, and the breeding rate of young animals is less than 20%. Therefore, it is imperative to implement scientific feeding and management to increase the reproductive capacity of cows, which is the key to the development of cattle production and to raising the economic efficiency of the cattle industry. 1. Empty breeding cows. To ensure the normal reproduction of cattle, must be properly managed. Before the grazing, the cows are fed with half-full hay. After 15-20 days, they are transferred to the whole day for grazing. Every day, feed about 50 grams of salt and 1-2 kilograms of barley, corn, soybeans, and other blister mixed concentrates. After the first drinking water, feed the grass. After the cows have eaten 5-6, they will be fed the mixed concentrate and then drink the salt water. After the cows rest for 15-20 minutes, they will die. After grazing, cows are provided with enough water and night grass to allow the cows to freely drink water and feed. Cows are over-fed to increase the amount of labor, and feed more raw materials and juicy feeds. When they are too thin, they supplement fine materials and blue-green materials, and strive to achieve a medium sensation before breeding. The forage nutrition is comprehensive, reasonable collocation, diversification, fresh and no spoilage. Green roughage should be ammoniated or silaged. Ten days before grazing, cattle are restricted from eating too much green and tender pasture to prevent toxic plant poisoning or bloating disease. 2. Grasp the estrus characteristics of cows. The estrous cycle of cows is generally 18-21 days and the estrus duration is 1-2 days. Characteristics of estrus: Loss of appetite, mental anxiety, constant cries, frequent urination, decreased milk volume, arched backs, bulls closely followed, actively approaching the bulls during grazing, strong mating, and crawling to other cattle, pussy flow out white translucent Mucus, can be drawn into a 7-8 cm filament by hand, and the waist is not moving. During the estrus period, the cattle continue for 12-22 hours, and ovulation occurs 10-15 hours after the end of estrus. Therefore, the suitable mating time for cows is: cattle breeding at 8-10 o'clock on the day of estrus in the morning, and supplementing once at 7-8 o'clock in the morning the next morning; breeding in the afternoon on the next day at 8-10 o'clock in the afternoon, and in the afternoon or evening. once. 3. The implementation of artificial insemination technology. The natural mating rate of cows is low and they are prone to empty. Efforts should be made to implement artificial insemination and greatly increase the conception rate. The spermatozoa were first disinfected with alcohol and then rinsed 2-3 times with a 0.9% sterile saline solution. After the vaginal opening device is sterilized with a smokeless flame, it can be wiped with an alcohol swab. The cows who are about to inseminate Baoding on the breeding racks, put the tailbowl on the side, wash the genitals with warm soapy water, and then wash them with warm water. There are two kinds of artificial insemination methods: one is the vaginal opening method. Open the cow's vagina with a lubricated opener. Use the flashlight to find the cervix and insert the semen with semen into the cervix. 1-3 Centimeters, slowly enter the semen, and then remove the spermator and the opener. Second, the rectum holds the uterine cervix method. Insert the rectum with left hand to remove the excrement, then clean the vulva and dry it. Touch the cervix with the left hand in the intestine, hold it, and hold the sperm in the other hand. The vulva is inserted 5-10 centimeters diagonally upwards and slightly downwards into the cervix. At this time, the two hands cooperate with each other, inserting the insemination device into the cervix and reaching the deep uterus or the uterus, and then slowly injecting semen. After the insemination is completed, the vas deferens is slowly taken out to prevent damage to the cow genitalia and semen. 4. Check air defenses in time. After mating, cows no longer show estrus, have a tame temperament, have enhanced appetite, and are light enough to be considered pregnant. If the cow is in vaginal examination one month after mating, when the opener is inserted into the vagina, the resistance is obvious, there is dryness, and the vaginal mucous membrane is pale and dull. The uterus is biased to one side and it is in a closed state. The upper part is covered by thick, thick mucous plugs. The seal is already pregnant. For example, 20 days after the cows were mated, 10 mg of ethylene diethylstilbestrol injection was used. One intramuscular injection showed no estrus in the pregnant cows. The unborn cows were obviously estrus on the second day. Rectal examination, the intestines touch the uterus without response, or the right uterus contraction, gestation angle is slightly larger than the empty angle, this is the cow has been pregnant for a month, such as the uterine horn into a short thick, like a thick electric head, soft, such as water bags, ovaries There is a clear corpus luteum in the memory, which is 40-50 days of pregnancy; if the uterine horn is a large sac, it is already pregnant for 3 months. 5. Induced oestrus ovulation. Cows have normal reproduction, often due to nutritional deficiencies, overwork, etc., leading to imbalance of hormone secretion in the body, causing abnormal estrus such as silent estrus, short estrus, and secondary estrus. It is not easy to observe the estrus performance, miss the best estrus period, and lose the mating period. Feeding management should be strengthened to induce ovulation and fertilization of cows in time. Methods are as follows: First, each cow is injected intramuscularly with 300 mg of ovulation ovulation hormone. Generally, it can be used for fertility within 3 months. The second is 20-40 milligrams of megestrol acetate, fed for 5 days, and intramuscular injection of 150,000 units of maternal serum gonadotropin on the 4th day. The third is the use of three hormones such as 4-6 ml, generally more than 92% of the cow estrus within 3 days, the conception rate of up to 53%. Fourth, each cow was injected with 0.5% neostigmine 2 ml (3 injections) at intervals of 2 days, and at the same time 1000 horses of serum hormone from pregnant horses were injected. In addition, maternal urine can be induced by maternal urine, diethylstilbestrol triads, and diuretic diols, and timely fertilization can be prevented to prevent empty stomach. 6. Carefully raise pregnant cows. In order to meet the nutritional needs of pregnant cattle and their fetus, high-quality compound feed must be supplied. The compound feed can be made up of corn 30%, soybean cake 20%, rice 15%, cottonseed cake 15%, rapeseed cake 5%, rice bran 15%, bone meal and salt. Feed 1-2 kg of concentrate per day, enough green feed and ammoniated feed. Prevent mildew, acidity, freezing and toxic feeds. Timing, feeding less, drinking warm water. 7. Prevention of miscarriage to protect mother and child safety. After the cow is pregnant, it must do a good job to ensure the normal development of the fetus and safe delivery, prevent miscarriage. In mid-pregnancy, the cattle should gradually reduce the intensity of military service, and stop working for one month before labor. Pregnant cows should exercise properly, guard against fright, whiplash, slipping, squeezing, rushing, turning sharp bends, and making heavy duty. If the cow is pregnant, the vagina will flow out of the mucus, and constantly look back at the abdomen to become restless; late breast enlargement, oscillating urinary frequency posture, abdominal pain is obvious, fetal movement is stopped, it is abortion omen, and timely treatment. 0.5-1 ml of progesterone can be used intramuscularly once a day for 4-6 days. For the habitual abortion of cows, 40 grams of each of Angelica sinensis, Radix Paeoniae Alba, donkey-hide gelatin, Dipsacus, and Cuscuta are added. Each of 30 grams of Loranthaceae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Astragali, Atractylodes Rhizome, and Codonopsis pilosula is 20 grams each, and each of the habitat and rhubarb is 25 grams. Shuijianbi. 8. Do a good job in giving birth. The average cow gestation period is 285 days. With the breeding "month minus 3, days plus 10", that is the expected date of production. About half of the cows before birth, the vulva swelled, the breasts swelled, and the transparent mucous flowed from the vulva at 1-2 days after delivery, and there was pain in the immediate vicinity of the delivery. It was lying down from time to time, and excreted urine frequently. The movement was uneasy. One week before delivery, you will enter the delivery room and prepare a washbasin, towels, and antiseptic drugs. There must be lighting during the night. Production is the first two front legs caught out of the head, such as the fetus can not be timely output, to check the position and posture of the fetus is normal, abnormalities should be corrected in time, and artificial labor. Production practice shows that: 1 day before cows can give an intramuscular injection of 300 micrograms of hydrochloric acid at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and then use the same drug to intramuscularly inject 220 micrograms at 10 o'clock in the evening. At 9 o'clock, it is easy to take delivery and care to improve the survival rate. After the fetus is fully productive, first wipe the mucus in the nasal cavity to dry it. The umbilical cord was torn off and the broken ends were coated with iodine. When it is not broken, scissors can be cut 6-8 cm from the abdominal wall and then disinfected with iodine. Wipe the mucus on the dried bovine body and strip the soft hooves. About 12 hours after delivery, the cows were discharged from the placenta and checked for completeness before removal. If the placenta was not discharged after 24 hours, it should be removed. 9. Calves are weaned early. Within half an hour from the birth of calf, calves must be fed 1-2 kilograms of colostrum for 3 consecutive days, 3-4 times a day, 5-7 days before being restricted to breastfeeding twice a day, morning and evening. Or feeding milk replacer. At noon to feed the calf a little rice porridge, sugar and so on. The recipe consists of 150 grams of rice porridge and 25 grams of sugar; or 50 grams of milk powder and 100 grams of cornmeal, mixed and prepared. The practice of limiting breast-feeding is to separate and feed the mother and the child. The most difficult to limit breast-feeding is the first two days, because mothers and mothers are not accustomed to, easy to bark, 3-5 days after the habit will stop barking, limiting breast-feeding success. From the 7th day onwards, good quality hay and grass were fed for drinking enough water. At 2 months of age, it can rely entirely on pasture. More than 75 kilograms of yaks are fed with 1 kilogram of concentrate each day. Weaning for 3-4 months can promote cows to experience early estrus. 10. Strengthen daily feeding management. The barn should be spacious and clean, dry and ventilated, and plug the loopholes so as not to leak or dampen. Diligently remove cowhouse excrement and diligently change ground mats. Disinfect regularly with quicklime or grey water. After the cattle go out to grazing, they will open the cowshed doors and windows, change the air, and brush the body of the cow once a day to enhance the disease resistance. Summer heatstroke killing, cold winter warmth. About one month after the birth of a cow, the calf must be treated with 25 to 30 mg/kg of body weight with albendazole within one month of birth to drive the parasites inside and outside the body. For obstetrical diseases such as metritis, ovarian cysts, bleeding during puberty, and birth defects, etc., veterinarians should be promptly treated for treatment so as not to affect reproductive breeding.